Differences in choroidal responses to near work between myopic children and young adults.

BACKGROUND: Near work is generally considered as a risk factor for myopia onset and progression. This study aimed to investigate the choroidal responses to a brief-period of near work in children and young adults. METHODS: Thirty myopic medical students (aged 18-28 years) and 30 myopic children (aged 8-12 years) participated in this study. The submacular total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choriocapillaris flow deficit (CcFD), as well as subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were measured with swept-source optical coherence tomography/optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCT/OCTA) before and immediately after 20 min, 40 min, 60 min of near work at a distance of 33 cm. RESULTS: In adults, 20 min of near work induced a significant reduction in SFCT (- 5.1 ± 6.5 µm), LA [(- 19.2 ± 18.6) × 103 µm2], SA [(- 8.2 ± 12.6) × 103 µm2] and TCA [(- 27.4 ± 24.9) × 103 µm2] (all P < 0.01). After 40 min of near work, LA was still reduced [(- 9.4 ± 18.3) × 103 µm2], accompanied with a decreased CVI (- 0.39% ± 0.70%) and an increased CcFD (0.30% ± 0.78%) (all P < 0.05). After 60 min of near work, CVI was still reduced (- 0.28% ± 0.59%), and CcFD was still increased (0.37% ± 0.75%) (all P < 0.05). In children, 20 min of near work induced a significant increase in CcFD (0.55% ± 0.64%), while 60 min of near work induced increases in SA [(7.2 ± 13.0) × 103 µm2] and TCA [(9.7 ± 25.3) × 103 µm2] and a reduction in CVI (- 0.28% ± 0.72%) (all P < 0.05). Children exhibited lower near work-induced LA and TCA reduction than adults, with a mean difference of - 0.86% and - 0.82%, respectively (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The temporal characteristics and magnitude of changes of choroidal vascularity and choriocapillaris perfusion during near work was not identical between children and adults. The initial response to near work was observed in choriocapillaris in children, whereas it was observed in the medium- and large-sized vessels in adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), ChiCTR2000040205. Registered on 25 November 2020, https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=64501 .

Causal relationship between sleep traits and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVE: Observational studies had demonstrated a link between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline. Here, we aimed to investigate the causal association between genetically predicted sleep traits and cognitive impairment using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS: Using strict criteria, we selected genetic variants from European ancestry Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the Sleep Disorders Knowledge Portal and UK Biobank as instrumental variables for several sleep traits, including insomnia, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, daytime napping, and chronotype. Summary statistics related to cognitive impairment were derived from five different GWAS, including the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium. The role of self-reported sleep trait phenotypes in the etiology of cognitive impairment was explored using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) tests, MR-Egger tests, and weighted medians, and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure robustness. RESULTS: In the main IVW analysis, sleep duration (reaction time: ß = -0.05, 95% CI -0.07 to -0.04, p = 1.93×10-12 ), daytime sleepiness (average cortical thickness: ß = -0.12, 95% CI -0.22 to -0.02, p = 0.023), and daytime napping (fluid intelligence: ß = -0.47, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.07, p = 0.021; hippocampal volume in Alzheimer's disease: ß = -0.99, 95% CI -1.64 to -0.35, p = 0.002) were significantly negatively correlated with cognitive performance. However, any effects of insomnia and chronotype on cognitive impairment were not determined. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlighted that focusing on sleep behaviors or distinct sleep patterns-particularly sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and daytime napping, was a promising approach for preventing cognitive impairment. This study also shed light on risk factors for and potential early markers of cognitive impairment risk factors.

Extracellular vesicles derived from human dental mesenchymal stem cells stimulated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound alleviate inflammation-induced bone loss in a mouse model of periodontitis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a new mode of intercellular crosstalk and are responsible for many of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. To promote the application of MSC-EVs, recent studies have focused on the manipulation of MSCs to improve the production of EVs and EV-mediated activities. The current paper details an optimization method using non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) as the stimulation for improving oral MSC-EV production and effectiveness. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), a type of oral mesenchymal stem cell, displayed intensity-dependent pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory responses to LIPUS without significant cytotoxicity or apoptosis. The stimuli increased the secretion of EVs by promoting the expression of neutral sphingomyelinases in SCAP. In addition, EVs from LIPUS-induced SCAP exhibited stronger efficacy in promoting the osteogenic differentiation and anti-inflammation of periodontal ligament cells in vitro and alleviating oral inflammatory bone loss in vivo. In addition, LIPUS stimulation affected the physical characteristics and miRNA cargo of SCAP-EVs. Further investigations indicated that miR-935 is an important mediator of the pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory capabilities of LIPUS-induced SCAP-EVs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that LIPUS is a simple and effective physical method to optimize SCAP-EV production and efficacy.

Mendelian randomization study reveals a causal relationship between coronary artery disease and cognitive impairment.

Background: Growing evidence suggests that Coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with cognitive impairment. However, these results from observational studies was not entirely consistent, with some detecting no such association. And it is necessary to explore the causal relationship between CAD and cognitive impairment. Objective: We aimed to explore the potential causal relationship between CAD and cognitive impairment by using bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Methods: Instrument variants were extracted according to strict selection criteria. And we used publicly available summary-level GWAS data. Five different methods of MR [random-effect inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and Wald ratio] were used to explore the causal relationship between CAD and cognitive impairment. Results: There was little evidence to support a causal effect of CAD on cognitive impairment in the forward MR analysis. In the reverse MR analyses, We detect causal effects of fluid intelligence score (IVW: ß = -0.12, 95% CI of -0.18 to -0.06, P = 6.8 × 10-5), cognitive performance (IVW: ß = -0.18, 95% CI of -0.28 to -0.08, P = 5.8 × 10-4) and dementia with lewy bodies (IVW: OR = 1.07, 95% CI of 1.04-1.10, P = 1.1 × 10-5) on CAD. Conclusion: This MR analysis provides evidence of a causal association between cognitive impairment and CAD. Our findings highlight the importance of screening for coronary heart disease in patients of cognitive impairment, which might provide new insight into the prevention of CAD. Moreover, our study provides clues for risk factor identification and early prediction of CAD.

Mendelian randomization study reveals a causal relationship between serum iron status and coronary heart disease and related cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Growing observational studies have shown that abnormal systemic iron status is associated with Coronary heart disease (CHD). However, these results from observational studies was not entirely consistent.It remains unclear whether this relationship represents causality.It is necessary to explore the causal relationship between iron status and CHD and related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Objective: We aimed to investigate the potential casual relationship between serum iron status and CHD and related CVD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods: Genetic statistics for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between four iron status parameters were identified in a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted by the Iron Status Genetics organization. Three independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1800562, rs1799945, and rs855791) aligned with four iron status biomarkers were used as instrumental variables. CHD and related CVD genetic statistics We used publicly available summary-level GWAS data. Five different MR methods random effects inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, and Wald ratio were used to explore the causal relationship between serum iron status and CHD and related CVD. Results: In the MR analysis, we found that the causal effect of serum iron (OR = 0.995, 95% CI = 0.992-0.998, p = 0.002) was negatively associated with the odds of coronary atherosclerosis (AS). Transferrin saturation (TS) (OR = 0.885, 95% CI = 0.797-0.982, p = 0.02) was negatively associated with the odds of Myocardial infarction (MI). Conclusion: This MR analysis provides evidence for a causal relationship between whole-body iron status and CHD development. Our study suggests that a high iron status may be associated with a reduced risk of developing CHD.

BODIPY-based near-infrared semiconducting polymer dot for selective yellow laser-excited cell imaging.

Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) with both narrow-band absorption and emission are desirable for multiplexed bioassay applications, but such Pdots with absorption peaks beyond 400 nm are difficult to achieve. Here we describe a donor-energy transfer unit-acceptor (D-ETU-A) design strategy to produce a BODIPY-based Pdot that exhibits simultaneously narrow absorption and emission bands. A green BODIPY (GBDP) unit was employed as the main building block of the polymer backbone, conferring a strong, narrow-band absorption around 551 nm. An NIR720 acceptor provides narrow-band NIR emission. The small Stokes shift of the GBDP donor allows introduction of a benzofurazan-based ETU, resulting in a ternary Pdot with a fluorescence quantum yield of 23.2%, the most efficient yellow-laser excitable Pdot. Due to the strong absorbance band centered at 551 nm and weak absorbance at 405 nm and 488 nm, the Pdot showed high single-particle brightness when excited by a 561 nm (yellow) laser, and selective yellow laser excitation when used to label MCF cells, with much greater brightness when excited at 561 nm than at 405 nm or 488 nm.

Capture RIC-seq reveals positional rules of PTBP1-associated RNA loops in splicing regulation.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) bind at different positions of the pre-mRNA molecules to promote or reduce the usage of a particular exon. Seeking to understand the working principle of these positional effects, we develop a capture RIC-seq (CRIC-seq) method to enrich specific RBP-associated in situ proximal RNA-RNA fragments for deep sequencing. We determine hnRNPA1-, SRSF1-, and PTBP1-associated proximal RNA-RNA contacts and regulatory mechanisms in HeLa cells. Unexpectedly, the 3D RNA map analysis shows that PTBP1-associated loops in individual introns preferentially promote cassette exon splicing by accelerating asymmetric intron removal, whereas the loops spanning across cassette exon primarily repress splicing. These "positional rules" can faithfully predict PTBP1-regulated splicing outcomes. We further demonstrate that cancer-related splicing quantitative trait loci can disrupt RNA loops by reducing PTBP1 binding on pre-mRNAs to cause aberrant splicing in tumors. Our study presents a powerful method for exploring the functions of RBP-associated RNA-RNA proximal contacts in gene regulation and disease.

Correlation between meteorological factors and vitamin D status under different season.

Pregnant women with low vitamin D levels tend to have poor clinical outcomes. Meteorological factors were associated with vitamin D. Here, we aimed to study the current status of 25-Hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in pregnant women in Kunshan city and investigate the meteorological factors associated with 25(OH)D levels under different seasons. The correlation between meteorological factors and 25(OH)D levels was estimated by cross-correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression. A restrictive cubic spline method was used to estimate the non-linear relationship. From 2015 to 2020, a total of 22,090 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations below 50 nmol/l represent 65.85% of the total study population. There is a positive correlation between temperature and 25(OH)D. And there is a protective effect of the higher temperature on vitamin D deficiency. However, in the subgroup analysis, we found that in autumn, high temperatures above 30 °C may lead to a decrease in 25(OH)D levels. This study shows that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women may widespread in eastern China. There is a potential inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and 25(OH)D levels, which has implications for understanding of vitamin D changes under different seasons.

Dietary nitrate improves jaw bone remodelling in zoledronate-treated mice.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a serious complication that occurs in patients with osteoporosis or metastatic bone cancer treated with bisphosphonate. There is still no effective treatment and prevention strategy for BRONJ. Inorganic nitrate, which is abundant in green vegetables, has been reported to be protective in multiple diseases. To investigate the effects of dietary nitrate on BRONJ-like lesions in mice, we utilized a well-established mouse BRONJ model, in which tooth extraction was performed. Specifically, 4 mM sodium nitrate was administered in advance through drinking water to assess the short- and long-term effects on BRONJ. Zoledronate injection could induce severe healing inhibition of the tooth extraction socket, while addition of pretreating dietary nitrate could alleviate the inhibition by reducing monocyte necrosis and inflammatory cytokines production. Mechanistically, nitrate intake increased plasma nitric oxide levels, which attenuated necroptosis of monocytes by downregulating lipid and lipid-like molecule metabolism via a RIPK3 dependent pathway. Our findings revealed that dietary nitrate could inhibit monocyte necroptosis in BRONJ, regulate the bone immune microenvironment and promote bone remodelling after injury. This study contributes to the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of zoledronate and supports the feasibility of dietary nitrate for the clinical prevention of BRONJ.

Systemic antibiotics increase microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss.

Periodontitis is the most widespread oral disease and is closely related to the oral microbiota. The oral microbiota is adversely affected by some pharmacologic treatments. Systemic antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases but can lead to gut dysbiosis, causing negative effects on the human body. Whether systemic antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can affect the oral microbiota or even periodontitis has not yet been addressed. In this research, mice were exposed to drinking water containing a cocktail of four antibiotics to explore how systemic antibiotics affect microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that gut dysbiosis caused by long-term use of antibiotics can disturb the oral microbiota and aggravate periodontitis. Moreover, the expression of cytokines related to Th17 was increased while transcription factors and cytokines related to Treg were decreased in the periodontal tissue. Fecal microbiota transplantation with normal mice feces restored the gut microbiota and barrier, decreased the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota, reversed the Th17/Treg imbalance in periodontal tissue, and alleviated alveolar bone loss. This study highlights the potential adverse effects of long-term systemic antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis on the oral microbiota and periodontitis. A Th17/Treg imbalance might be related to this relationship. Importantly, these results reveal that the periodontal condition of patients should be assessed regularly when using systemic antibiotics in clinical practice.

BDNF gene hydroxymethylation in hippocampus related to neuroinflammation-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is a multifactorial condition related to glial cells and neurons activation, and it is implicated in CNS disorders including depression. BDNF is a crucial molecule that related to the pathology of depression, and it is the target of DNA methylation. DNA hydroxymethylation, an active demethylation process can convert 5-mC to 5-hmC by Tets catalyzation to regulate gene transcription. The regulatory function for BDNF gene in response to neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. METHODS: Neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviors were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in mice. The microglial activation and cellular 5-hmC localization in the hippocampus were confirmed by immunostaining. The transcripts of Tets and BDNF were examined by qPCR method. The global 5-hmC levels and enrichment of 5-hmC in BDNF gene in the hippocampus were analyzed using dot bolt and hMeDIP-sequencing analysis. RESULTS: LPS administration induced a spectrum of depression-like behaviors (including behavioral despair and anhedonia) and increased expression of Iba-1, a marker for microglia activation, in hippocampus, demonstrating that LPS treatment cloud provide stable model of neuroinflammation with depressive-like behaviors as expected. Our results showed that Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3 mRNA expressions and consequent global 5-hmC levels were significantly decreased in the hippocampus of LPS group compared to saline group. We also demonstrated that 5-hmC fluorescence in the hippocampus located in excitatory neurons identified by CaMK II immunostaining. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the enrichment of 5-hmC in BDNF gene was decreased and corresponding BDNF mRNA was down-regulated in the hippocampus in LPS group compared to saline group. CONCLUSION: Neuroinflammation-triggered aberrant BDNF gene hydroxymethylation in the hippocampus is an important epigenetic element that relates with depression-like behaviors.

High-Precision Mapping of Membrane Proteins on Synaptic Vesicles using Spectrally Encoded Super-Resolution Imaging.

The spatial resolution of single-molecule localization microscopy is limited by the photon number of a single switching event because of the difficulty of correlating switching events dispersed in time. Here we overcome this limitation by developing a new class of photoswitching semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) with structured and highly dispersed single-particle spectra. We imaged the Pdots at the first and the second vibronic emission peaks and used the ratio of peak intensities as a spectral coding. By correlating switching events using the spectral coding and performing 4-9 frame binning, we achieved a 2-3 fold experimental resolution improvement versus conventional superresolution imaging. We applied this method to count and map SV2 and proton ATPase proteins on synaptic vesicles (SVs). The results reveal that these proteins are trafficked and organized with high precision, showing unprecedented level of detail about the composition and structure of SVs.

Aptamers-functionalized nanoscale MOFs for saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin sensing in sea foods through FRET.

Saxitoxin (STX) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are widely distributed and extremely harmful marine toxins, it is certainly worth to spend effort to develop facile methods to detect them in sea food for human safety. In this work, two nano-sensors were developed by combining with two zirconium fluorescence Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) with two emissions and TAMRA-labelled aptamers for STX and TTX sensing, respectively. The recognition of STX and TTX by these nano-sensors could change the structure of aptamer, which caused the blue or green emissions from NMOFs (energy donor) decreased while red emission from TAMRA-labelled aptamers (energy acceptor) increased owing to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect. Based on this strategy, NMOFs-Aptasensor 1 and NMOFs-Aptasensor 2 were developed for the ratiometric detection, with detection limits of 1.17 nM and 3.07 nM for STX and TTX, respectively. Moreover, NMOFs-Aptasensors displayed significant stability, pH-independence, selectivity and NMOFs-Aptasensors were successfully applied in shellfish sample for toxin sensing.

Gut microbiota in combination with blood metabolites reveals characteristics of the disease cluster of coronary artery disease and cognitive impairment: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: The coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cognitive impairment has become a common clinical phenomenon. However, there is currently limited research on the etiology of this disease cluster, discovery of biomarkers, and identification of precise intervention targets. Methods: We explored the causal connections between gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and the disease cluster of CAD combined with cognitive impairment through two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR). Additionally, we determine the gut microbiota and blood metabolites with the strongest causal associations using Bayesian model averaging multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR-BMA) analysis. Furthermore, we will investigate the mediating role of blood metabolites through a two-step Mendelian randomization design. Results: We identified gut microbiota that had significant causal associations with cognitive impairment. Additionally, we also discovered blood metabolites that exhibited significant causal associations with both CAD and cognitive impairment. According to the MR-BMA results, the free cholesterol to total lipids ratio in large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was identified as the key blood metabolite significantly associated with CAD. Similarly, the cholesteryl esters to total lipids ratio in small VLDL emerged as the primary blood metabolite with a significant causal association with dementia with lewy bodies (DLB). For the two-step Mendelian randomization analysis, we identified blood metabolites that could potentially mediate the association between genus Butyricicoccus and CAD in the potential causal links. Conclusion: Our study utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) to identify the gut microbiota features and blood metabolites characteristics associated with the disease cluster of CAD combined with cognitive impairment. These findings will provide a meaningful reference for the identification of biomarkers for the disease cluster of CAD combined with cognitive impairment as well as the discovery of targets for intervention to address the problems in the clinic.

Identification of hub genes and construction of diagnostic nomogram model in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia (SCZ), which is characterized by debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders with significant cognitive impairment, remains an etiological and therapeutic challenge. Using transcriptomic profile analysis, disease-related biomarkers linked with SCZ have been identified, and clinical outcomes can also be predicted. This study aimed to discover diagnostic hub genes and investigate their possible involvement in SCZ immunopathology. The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was utilized to get SCZ Gene expression data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and enriched by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and disease ontology (DO) analysis. The related gene modules were then examined using integrated weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Single-sample gene set enrichment (GSEA) was exploited to detect immune infiltration. SVM-REF, random forest, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithms were used to identify hub genes. A diagnostic model of nomogram was constructed for SCZ prediction based on the hub genes. The clinical utility of nomogram prediction was evaluated, and the diagnostic utility of hub genes was validated. mRNA levels of the candidate genes in SCZ rat model were determined. Finally, 24 DEGs were discovered, the majority of which were enriched in biological pathways and activities. Four hub genes (NEUROD6, NMU, PVALB, and NECAB1) were identified. A difference in immune infiltration was identified between SCZ and normal groups, and immune cells were shown to potentially interact with hub genes. The hub gene model for the two datasets was verified, showing good discrimination of the nomogram. Calibration curves demonstrated valid concordance between predicted and practical probabilities, and the nomogram was verified to be clinically useful. According to our research, NEUROD6, NMU, PVALB, and NECAB1 are prospective biomarkers in SCZ and that a reliable nomogram based on hub genes could be helpful for SCZ risk prediction.

MicroRNA-29b/graphene oxide-polyethyleneglycol-polyethylenimine complex incorporated within chitosan hydrogel promotes osteogenesis.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role in regulating a number of physiologic and pathologic processes including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenic differentiation, making them a candidate used to promote osteogenesis. However, due to intrinsic structure and characteristics, "naked" miRNAs are unstable in serum and could not pass across the cellular membrane. Nano delivery systems seem to be a solution to these issues. Recently, graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials are considered to be promising for gene delivery due to their unique physiochemical characteristics such as high surface area, biocompatibility, and easy modification. In this work, a GO-based nanocomplex functionalized by polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was prepared for loading and delivering miR-29b, which participates in multiple steps of bone formation. The nanocomplex revealed good biocompatibility, miRNA loading capacity, and transfection efficiency. The miR-29b/GO-PEG-PEI nanocomplex was capsulated into chitosan (CS) hydrogel for osteogenesis. In vitro and in vivo evaluation indicated that miR-29b/GO-PEG-PEI@CS composite hydrogel was able to promote BMSC osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. All these results indicate that PEG/PEI functionalized GO could serve as a promising candidate for miRNA cellular delivery, and the miR-29b/GO-PEG-PEI@CS hydrogel has the potential for repairing bone defects in vivo.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Neolissochilus stracheyi (Osteichthyes:Cyprinidae).

Neolissochilus stracheyi Day 1871 is a rare specie of fish inhabit clear forest streams and rivers. In order to discuss the phylogenetic position of N. stracheyi, the mitochondrial genome was obtained by sequencing. The genome was 16,587 bp in length with an accession number OM203155. The AT contents were 56.59%. The location and composition of genes are consistent with published Cyprinids containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 main non-coding regions. Sequence analysis showed that the mitochondrial genome of N. stracheyi has high sequence homology with other cyprinid fishes. Phylogenetic tree results showed that N. stracheyi is most closely related to Neolissochilus heterostomus. The mitochondrial sequence is of great significance for fish conservation, taxonomic status and resource exploitation.

The role of oral microbiome in periodontitis under diabetes mellitus.

Periodontitis is among most common human inflammatory diseases and characterized by destruction of tooth-supporting tissues that will eventually lead to tooth loss. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia which results from defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. Numerous studies have provided evidence for the inter-relationship between DM and periodontitis that has been considered as the sixth most frequent complication of DM. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood yet. The impact of DM on periodontitis through hyperglycemia and inflammatory pathways is well described, but the effects of DM on oral microbiota remain controversial according to previous studies. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing technology indicate that DM can alter the biodiversity and composition of oral microbiome especially subgingival microbiome. This may be another mechanism by which DM risks or aggravates periodontitis. Thus, to understand the role of oral microbiome in periodontitis of diabetics and the mechanism of shifts of oral microbiome under DM would be valuable for making specific therapeutic regimens for treating periodontitis patients with DM or preventing diabetic patients from periodontitis. This article reviews the role of oral microbiome in periodontal health (symbiosis) and disease (dysbiosis), highlights the oral microbial shifts under DM and summarizes the mechanism of the shifts.

Recent Progress in Fluorescent Probes For Metal Ion Detection.

All forms of life have absolute request for metal elements, because metal elements are instrumental in various fundamental processes. Fluorescent probes have been widely used due to their ease of operation, good selectivity, high spatial and temporal resolution, and high sensitivity. In this paper, the research progress of various metal ion (Fe3+,Fe2+,Cu2+,Zn2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Cd2+) fluorescent probes in recent years has been reviewed, and the fluorescence probes prepared with different structures and materials in different environments are introduced. It is of great significance to improve the sensing performance on metal ions. This research has a wide prospect in the application fields of fluorescence sensing, quantitative analysis, biomedicine and so on. This paper discusses about the development and applications of metal fluorescent probes in future.