"Obviously, Nothing's Gonna Happen in Five Minutes": How Adolescents and Young Adults Infrastructure Resources to Learn Type 1 Diabetes Management.

Learning personalized self-management routines is pivotal for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), particularly early in diagnosis. Context-aware technologies, such as hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin pumps, are important tools for diabetes self-management. However, clinicians have observed that practices using these technologies involve significant individual differences. We conducted interviews with 20 adolescents and young adults who use HCL insulin pump systems for managing T1D, and we found that these individuals leverage both technological and non-technological means to maintain situational awareness about their condition. We discuss how these practices serve to infrastructure their self-management routines, including medical treatment, diet, and glucose measurement-monitoring routines. Our study provides insights into adolescents' and young adults' lived experiences of using HCL systems and related technology to manage diabetes, and contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how the HCI community can support the contextualized management of diabetes through technology design.

Amygdala neuronal dyshomeostasis via 5-HT receptors mediates mood and cognitive defects in Alzheimer's disease.

Behavioral changes or neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) are common features in dementia and are associated with accelerated cognitive impairment and earlier deaths. However, how NPSs are intertwined with cognitive decline remains elusive. In this study, we identify that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a key brain region that is associated with mood disorders and memory decline in the AD course. During the process from pre- to post-onset in AD, the dysfunction of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and pyramidal neurons in the amygdala leads to hyperactivity of pyramidal neurons in the basal state and insensitivity to external stimuli. We further demonstrate that serotonin (5-HT) receptors in distinct neurons synergistically regulate the BLA microcircuit of AD rather than 5-HT levels, in which both restrained inhibitory inputs by excessive 5-HT1AR signaling in PV interneurons and depolarized pyramidal neurons via upregulated 5-HT2AR contribute to aberrant neuronal hyperactivity. Downregulation of these two 5-HT receptors simultaneously enables neurons to resist ß-amyloid peptides (Aß) neurotoxicity and ameliorates the mood and cognitive defects. Therefore, our study reveals a crucial role of 5-HT receptors for regulating neuronal homeostasis in AD pathogenesis, and this would provide early intervention and potential targets for AD cognitive decline.

Association between pretreatment emotional distress and immune checkpoint inhibitor response in non-small-cell lung cancer.

Emotional distress (ED), commonly characterized by symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, is prevalent in patients with cancer. Preclinical studies suggest that ED can impair antitumor immune responses, but few clinical studies have explored its relationship with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here we report results from cohort 1 of the prospective observational STRESS-LUNG study, which investigated the association between ED and clinical efficacy of first-line treatment of ICIs in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. ED was assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. The study included 227 patients with 111 (48.9%) exhibiting ED who presented depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥5) and/or anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item score ≥5) symptoms at baseline. On the primary endpoint analysis, patients with baseline ED exhibited a significantly shorter median progression-free survival compared with those without ED (7.9 months versus 15.5 months, hazard ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 2.43, P = 0.002). On the secondary endpoint analysis, ED was associated with lower objective response rate (46.8% versus 62.1%, odds ratio 0.54, P = 0.022), reduced 2-year overall survival rate of 46.5% versus 64.9% (hazard ratio for death 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 2.97, P = 0.016) and detriments in quality of life. The exploratory analysis indicated that the ED group showed elevated blood cortisol levels, which was associated with adverse survival outcomes. This study suggests that there is an association between ED and worse clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with ICIs, highlighting the potential significance of addressing ED in cancer management. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05477979 .

Controlling the nutritional status score: a new tool for predicting postoperative mortality in patients with infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with endovascular aneurysm repair.

Background: AAA is a fatal condition that commonly occurs during vascular surgery. Nutritional status exerts a significant influence on the prognosis of various pathological conditions Scores from the CONUT screening tool have been shown to predict outcomes of certain malignancies and chronic diseases. However, the ramifications of nutritional status on AAA patients undergoing EVAR have not been elucidated in prior studies. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the correlation between CONUT scores and postoperative prognostic outcomes in patients with AAA undergoing EVAR. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 177 AAA patients treated with EVAR from June 2018 to November 2019 in a single center. Patient characteristics, CONUT scores, and postoperative status were collected. These patients were stratified into groups A and B according to CONUT scores. Subsequently, a comparative analysis of the baseline characteristics between the two cohorts was conducted. Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression analyses were employed to identify the autonomous predictors of mid-term mortality and complications, respectively. Results: Compared with group A, patients in group B had higher midterm mortality (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that CONUT scores; respiratory diseases; stent types; preoperative Hb, CRP, PT, and Fb levels were risk factors for death. Multivariate analysis confirmed that CONUT score [HR, 1.276; 95% CI, 1.029-1.584; p = 0.027] was an independent risk factor for mortality. Logistic regression analysis showed that prior arterial disease, smoking, and D-dimer levels were risk factors, although multivariate analysis showed smoking (OR, 3.492; 95% CI, 1.426-8.553; p = 0.006) was an independent risk factor. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients in group B had shorter mid-term survival than those in group A (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusion: Malnutrition was strongly associated with mid-term mortality in patients with infrarenal AAA treated with EVAR.

Pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension by inhibiting activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) triggers oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in turn increasing the sympathetic hyperactivity that is a major cause of hypertension. Pyridostigmine has cardioprotective effects by suppressing the RAS of myocardial tissue. However, whether pyridostigmine attenuates hypertension by inhibiting the RAS of the PVN remains unclear. We thus investigated the effect and mechanism of pyridostigmine on two-kidney one-clip (2K1C)-induced hypertension. 2K1C rats received pyridostigmine, or not, for 8 weeks. Cardiovascular function, hemodynamic parameters, and autonomic activity were measured. The PVN levels of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and RAS signaling molecules were evaluated. Our results showed that hypertension was accompanied by cardiovascular dysfunction and an autonomic imbalance characterized by enhanced sympathetic but diminished vagal activity. The PVN levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX-2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased; those of IL-10 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. Moreover, the RAS signaling pathway was activated, as evidenced by increased levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II), and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and a decreased AT2R level. Pyridostigmine lowered blood pressure and improved cardiovascular function, associated with restoration of the autonomic balance. Meanwhile, pyridostigmine decreased PVN IL-6, TNF-α, ROS, NOX-2, and MDA levels and increased IL-10 and SOD levels. Additionally, pyridostigmine suppressed PVN ACE, Ang II, and AT1R levels and increased AT2R expression. Pyridostigmine attenuated hypertension by inhibiting PVN oxidative stress and inflammation induced by the RAS.

Identification of a novel hypoglycemic small molecule, trans-2, 4-dimethoxystilbene by rectifying gut microbiota and activating hepatic AMPKα-PPARγ pathway through gut-liver axis.

With the increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders, hyperglycemia has become a common risk factor that endangers people's lives and the need for new drug solutions is burgeoning. Trans-2, 4-dimethoxystilbene (TDMS), a synthetic stilbene, has been found as a novel hypoglycemic small molecule from glucose consumption test. Normal C57BL/6 J mice, mouse models of type 1 diabetes mellitus and diet-induced obesity subjected to TDMS gavage were found with lower glycemic levels and better glycemic control. TDMS significantly improved the symptoms of polydipsia and wasting in type 1 diabetic mice, and could rise their body temperature at the same time. It was found that TDMS could promote the expression of key genes of glucose metabolism in HepG2, as do in TDMS-treated liver, while it could improve the intestinal flora and relieve intestinal metabolic dysbiosis in hyperglycemic models, which in turn affected its function in the liver, forming the gut-liver axis. We further fished PPARγ by virtual screening that could be promoted by TDMS both in-vitro and in-vivo, which was regulated by upstream signaling of AMPKα phosphorylation. As a novel hypoglycemic small molecule, TDMS was proven to be promising with its glycemic improvements and amelioration of diabetes symptoms. It promoted glucose absorption and utilization by the liver and improved the intestinal flora of diabetic mice. Therefore, TDMS is expected to become a new hypoglycemic drug that acts through gut-liver axis via AMPKα-PPARγ signaling pathway in improving glycemic metabolism, bringing new hope to patients with diabetes and glucose metabolism disorders.

The basal forebrain to lateral habenula circuitry mediates social behavioral maladaptation.

Elucidating the neural basis of fear allows for more effective treatments for maladaptive fear often observed in psychiatric disorders. Although the basal forebrain (BF) has an essential role in fear learning, its function in fear expression and the underlying neuronal and circuit substrates are much less understood. Here we report that BF glutamatergic neurons are robustly activated by social stimulus following social fear conditioning in male mice. And cell-type-specific inhibition of those excitatory neurons largely reduces social fear expression. At the circuit level, BF glutamatergic neurons make functional contacts with the lateral habenula (LHb) neurons and these connections are potentiated in conditioned mice. Moreover, optogenetic inhibition of BF-LHb glutamatergic pathway significantly reduces social fear responses. These data unravel an important function of the BF in fear expression via its glutamatergic projection onto the LHb, and suggest that selective targeting BF-LHb excitatory circuitry could alleviate maladaptive fear in relevant disorders.

Dynamic natural components and morphological changes in nonculprit subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome and mild chronic kidney disease at the 1-year follow-up and clinical significance at the 5-year follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: The natural outcome of coronary plaque in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unique, which can be analyzed quantitatively by optical flow ratio (OFR) software. METHODS: A total of 184 ACS patients with at least one nonculprit subclinical atherosclerosis (NSA) detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at baseline and 1-year follow-up were divided into non-CKD group (n = 106, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)> 90 mL/(min×1.73 m2)) and mild CKD group (n = 78, 60≤eGFR<90 mL/(min×1.73 m2)). Changes of normalized total atheroma volume (TAVn) of NSA was the primary endpoint at the 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Patients with mild CKD showed more TAVn progression of NSA than non-CKD (p = 0.019) from baseline to the 1-year follow-up, which was mainly due to an increase in calcium TAVn (p<0.001). The morphological change in the maximal calcification thickness (p = 0.026) was higher and the change in the distance from the calcified surface to the contralateral coronary media membrane (ΔC-to-M) at the maximal cross-sectional calcium area was lower (p<0.001) in mild CKD group than in non-CKD group. Mild CKD had more NSA related MACEs at the 5-year follow-up than non-CKD (30.8% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Mild CKD patients had more plaque progression of NSA which showed the increase of calcium component with more protrusion into the lumen morphologically at the 1-year follow-up and a higher corresponding incidence of NSA-related MACEs at the 5-year follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT02140801. https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02140801.

Reflections on the complex mechanisms of endometriosis from the perspective of ferroptosis.

Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterised by intracellular iron overload, increased lipid peroxidation and abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species.It has been implicated in the progression of several diseases including cancer, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases and liver disease. The etiology of endometriosis (EMS) is still unclear and is associated with multiple factors, often accompanied by various forms of cell death and a complex microenvironment. In recent decades, the role of non-traditional forms of cell death, represented by ferroptosis, in endometriosis has come to the attention of researchers. This article reviews the transitional role of iron homeostasis in the development of ferroptosis, the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, and focuses on summarising the links between iron death and various pathogenic mechanisms of EMS, including oxidative stress, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation, autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The possible applications of ferroptosis in the treatment of EMS, future research directions and current issues are discussed with the aim of providing new ideas for further understanding of EMS.

Post-stroke arrhythmia could be a potential predictor for post-stroke depression.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is regarded as the consequence of multiple contributors involving the process of cognition, mood and autonomic system, with the specific mechanism unclear yet. As a common type of stroke-heart syndromes, post-stroke arrhythmia shared some common pathogenesis with PSD. We presumed that post-stroke arrhythmia might be an early distinguishable marker for the presence of PSD and aimed to verity their association in this study. Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were enrolled. The presence of post-stroke ectopic arrhythmia and the symptoms of arrhythmia were recorded with anti-arrhythmia drugs prescribed when necessary. Patients were followed up 3 months later to identify their presence and severity of PSD using Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and also presence and severity of arrhythmia. Characteristics including the prevalence of various types of arrhythmias were compared between PSD and non-PSD groups. The HAMD scores were compared between patients with and without arrhythmia in PSD group. Logistic regression was used to identify the independent predictor of PSD. Patients with PSD had higher prevalence of post-stroke arrhythmia especially newly-detected arrhythmia, symptomatic arrhythmia and poor-controlled arrhythmia. In PSD group, patients of post-stroke arrhythmia had higher scores of HAMD than those without arrhythmia. Presence of newly-detected, symptomatic and poor-controlled arrhythmias were independent predictor of PSD. post-stroke arrhythmia especially newly-detected arrhythmia and symptomatic arrhythmia could be an early predictor of PSD. Successful control of arrhythmia was associated with reduced prevalence and severity of PSD.

Renin-angiotensin system inhibitor use and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a recognized risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors are widely used to treat hypertension. However, the association of RAS inhibitor use with PD has still been an area of controversy. METHODS: Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between RAS inhibitor use and PD. PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched for articles published up to Oct 2023. All studies that examined the relationship between RAS inhibitor use and the incidence of PD were included. RESULTS: Seven studies with total 3,495,218 individuals met our inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Overall, RAS inhibitor use was associated with a reduction in PD risk (OR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.79-0.98) compared with the controls. When restricted the analysis to individuals with RAS inhibitor use indication, RAS inhibitor exposure was also associated with a decreased risk of PD (OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.62-0.92). Pooled results of cohort studies also did support a protective role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.89-1.07) users and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (OR = 0.8, 95%CI = 0.63-1.02) in PD. CONCLUSION: Overall, RAS inhibitor use as a class is associated with a reduction in PD risk. However, the findings of ACEIs and ARBs may be limited by small sample size. Future well-designed studies considering the classification by inhibitor type, duration, dose, or property of BBB penetration of RAS inhibitors are needed to clarify the contribution of these exposure parameters on the risk of PD.

Jolkinolide B synergistically potentiates the antitumor activity of GPX4 inhibitors via inhibiting TrxR1 in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a promising anticancer therapeutic target; however, the application of GPX4 inhibitors (GPX4i) is limited owing to intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Hence, understanding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance and discovering molecules that can overcome drug resistance are crucial. Herein, we demonstrated that GPX4i killed bladder cancer cells by inducing lipid reactive oxygen species-mediated ferroptosis and apoptosis, and cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells were also resistant to GPX4i, representing a higher half-maximal inhibitory concentration value than that of parent bladder cancer cells. In addition, thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) overexpression was responsible for GPX4i resistance in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells, and inhibiting TrxR1 restored the sensitivity of these cells to GPX4i. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that Jolkinolide B (JB), a natural diterpenoid and previously identified as a TrxR1 inhibitor, potentiated the antiproliferative efficacy of GPX4i (RSL3 and ML162) against cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, GPX4 knockdown and inhibition could augment JB-induced paraptosis and apoptosis. Our results suggest that inhibiting TrxR1 can effectively improve GPX4 inhibition-based anticancer therapy. A combination of JB and GPX4i, which is well-tolerated and has several anticancer mechanisms, may serve as a promising therapy for treating bladder cancer.

TopDIA: A Software Tool for Top-Down Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics.

Top-down mass spectrometry is widely used for proteoform identification, characterization, and quantification owing to its ability to analyze intact proteoforms. In the last decade, top-down proteomics has been dominated by top-down data-dependent acquisition mass spectrometry (TD-DDA-MS), and top-down data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (TD-DIA-MS) has not been well studied. While TD-DIA-MS produces complex multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra, which are challenging to confidently identify, it selects more precursor ions for MS/MS analysis and has the potential to increase proteoform identifications compared with TD-DDA-MS. Here we present TopDIA, the first software tool for proteoform identification by TD-DIA-MS. It generates demultiplexed pseudo MS/MS spectra from TD-DIA-MS data and then searches the pseudo MS/MS spectra against a protein sequence database for proteoform identification. We compared the performance of TD-DDA-MS and TD-DIA-MS using Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 cells and demonstrated that TD-DIA-MS with TopDIA increased proteoform and protein identifications compared with TD-DDA-MS.

Twenty-four-hour blood pressure trajectories and clinical outcomes in patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The management of blood pressure (BP) in acute ischaemic stroke remains a subject of controversy. This investigation aimed to explore the relationship between 24-hour BP patterns following ischaemic stroke and clinical outcomes. METHODS: A cohort of 4069 patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke from 26 hospitals was examined. Five systolic BP trajectories were identified by using latent mixture modelling: trajectory category 5 (190-170 mm Hg), trajectory category 4 (180-140 mm Hg), trajectory category 3 (170-160 mm Hg), trajectory category 2 (155-145 mm Hg) and trajectory category 1 (150-130 mm Hg). The primary outcome was a composite outcome of death and major disability at 3 months poststroke. RESULTS: Patients with trajectory category 5 exhibited the highest risk, while those with trajectory category 1 had the lowest risk of adverse outcomes at 3-month follow-up. Compared with the patients in the trajectory category 5, adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the primary outcome were 0.79 (0.58 to 1.10), 0.70 (0.53 to 0.93), 0.64 (0.47 to 0.86) and 0.47 (0.33 to 0.66) among patients in trajectory category 4, trajectory category 3, trajectory category 2 and trajectory category 1, respectively. Similar trends were observed for death, vascular events and the composite outcome of death and vascular events. CONCLUSION: Patients with persistently high BP at 180 mm Hg within 24 hours of ischaemic stroke onset had the highest risk, while those maintaining stable BP at a moderate-low level (150 mm Hg) or even a low level (137 mm Hg) had more favourable outcomes.

Temperature-Controlled Selective Formation of Silver Nanoclusters and Their Transformation to the Same Product.

Herein, two atomically precise silver nanoclusters, Ag54 and Ag33, directed by inner anion templates (CrO4 2- and/or Cl-), are initially isolated as a mixed phase from identical reactants across a wide temperature range (20-80 °C). Interestingly, fine-tuning the reaction temperature can realize pure phase synthesis of the two nanoclusters; that is, a metastable Ag54 is kinetically formed at a low temperature (20 °C), whereas such a system is steered towards a thermodynamically stable Ag33 at a relatively high temperature (80 °C). Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry illustrates that the stability of Ag33 is superior to that of Ag54, which is further supported by density functional theory calculations. Importantly, the difference in structural stability can influence the pathway of 1,4-bis(pyrid-4-yl)benzene induced transformation reaction starting from Ag54 and Ag33. The former undergoes a dramatic breakage-reorganization process to form an Ag31 dimer (Ag31), while the same product can be also achieved from the latter following a noninvasive ligand exchange process. Both the Ag54 and Ag33 have the potential for further remote laser ignition applications. This work not only demonstrates how temperature controls the isolation of a specific phase, but also sheds light on the structural transformation pathway of nanoclusters with different stability.

Epidemiology of Knee Injuries in Baseball Players from the State of São Paulo.

Objective This study aimed to identify the main knee complaints and injuries associated with baseball and their prevalence in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods This epidemiological study analyzed data from an online questionnaire sent to baseball athletes from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2019 to 2022. Results Ninety-eight athletes participated in the study. Their average age was 24.3 years, and 85.72% of the subjects were men. The most prevalent ethnicities were yellow (50%) and white (42.86%). Most athletes had incomplete or complete higher education (75.5%). Most (88.77%) have been training for over 1 year, and 40.82% played in more than 1 position. More than half also practiced another sport. Most (66.32%) athletes present knee complaints or symptoms, and 37.75% had suffered a knee injury playing baseball, with several mechanisms (contact with the ground, contact with another player, or no contact). More than half (59.45%) of the athletes required time away from baseball due to complaints, symptoms, or injuries. Conclusion Among the athletes interviewed, 66.32% had a knee complaint, and 37.75% had already had a knee injury, especially meniscal and ligament injuries. The injury rate was highest in the first year of practice.

A young woman with Mycobacterium chelonae complex infection caused by facial stem cell injection.

In outpatient settings, Mycobacterium chelonae complex infection brought on by cosmetic injections are rather uncommon. We came across a case of infection brought on by a commercial stem cell injection.

Nanoporous Nickel Cathode with an Electrostatic Chlorine-Resistant Surface for Industrial Seawater Electrolysis Hydrogen Production.

Seawater electrolysis presents a promising avenue for green hydrogen production toward a carbon-free society. However, the electrode materials face significant challenges including severe chlorine-induced corrosion and high reaction overpotential, resulting in low energy conversion efficiency and low current density operation. Herein, we put forward a nanoporous nickel (npNi) cathode with high chlorine corrosion resistance for energy-efficient seawater electrolysis at industrial current densities (0.4-1 A cm-2). With the merits of an electrostatic chlorine-resistant surface, modulated Ni active sites, and a robust three-dimensional open structure, the npNi electrode showed a low hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential of 310 mV and a high electricity-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 59.7% at 400 mA cm-2 in real seawater and outperformed most Ni-based seawater electrolysis cathodes in recent publications and the commercial Ni foam electrode (459 mV, 46.4%) under the same test condition. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, high-frame-rate optical microscopy, and first-principles calculation revealed that the improved corrosion resistance, enhanced intrinsic activity, and mass transfer were responsible for the lowered electrocatalytic overpotential and enhanced energy efficiency.

Microbial methanogenesis in aerobic water: A key driver of surface methane enrichment in a deep reservoir.

Significant amounts of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4) are released into the atmosphere worldwide via freshwater sources. The surface methane maximum (SMM), where methane is supersaturated in surface water, has been observed in aquatic systems and contributes significantly to emissions. However, little is known about the temporal and spatial variability of SMM or the mechanisms underlying its development in artificial reservoirs. Here, the community composition of methanogens as major methane producers in the water column and the mcrA gene was investigated, and the cause of surface methane supersaturation was analyzed. In accordance with the findings, elevated methane concentration of SMM in the transition zone, with an annually methane emission flux 2.47 times higher than the reservoir average on a large and deep reservoir. In the transition zone, methanogens with mcrA gene abundances ranging from 0.5 × 103-1.45 × 104 copies/L were found. Methanobacterium, Methanoseata and Methanosarcina were the three dominate methanogens, using both acetic acid and H2/CO2 pathways. In summary, this study contributes to our comprehension of CH4 fluxes and their role in the atmospheric methane budget. Moreover, it offers biological proof of methane generation, which could aid in understanding the role of microbial methanogenesis in aerobic water.

Anesthesia, Anesthetics, and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) remains a major issue that worsens the prognosis of elderly surgery patients. This article reviews the current research on the effect of different anesthesia methods and commonly utilized anesthetics on the incidence of POCD in elderly patients, aiming to provide an understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition and facilitate the development of more reasonable anesthesia protocols, ultimately reducing the incidence of POCD in elderly surgery patients.