Absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic profile of xanthohumol in rats as determined via UPLC-MS/MS.

Xanthohumol, a natural isoflavone from Humulus lupulus L., possesses biological activities. However, the biological fate of xanthohumol in vivo remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption and metabolism of xanthohumol in rats through UPLC-MS/MS. The plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected after oral administration of xanthohumol (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) in SD rats. The contents of xanthohumol and its metabolites were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 6 metabolites of xanthohumol were identified in rats, including methylated, glucuronidated, acid-catalyzed cyclization and oxidation, indicating xanthohumol underwent phase I and II metabolism. Besides, isoxanthohumol was the major metabolites of xanthohumol. Xanthohumol was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated in rats. The pharmacokinetics results showed the Tmax of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 3 and 2.33 h, respectively. The AUC0-t of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 138.83 ± 6.03 and 38.77 ± 4.46 ng/ml·h, respectively. Furthermore, xanthohumol was mainly excreted in the form of prototype through feces and a small amount of xanthohumol was excreted through urine. These results illustrated the absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics process of xanthohumol in rats, and provided a reference for the further rational applications.

Bajitianwan attenuates D-galactose-induced memory impairment and bone loss through suppression of oxidative stress in aging rat model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are both senile diseases, which are closely related to oxidative stress. Bajitianwan (BJTW) is a classic Chinese formulation consisting of seven herbal drugs: the root of Morinda officinalis F.C.How., root and rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, the root bark of Lycium chinense Mill., the sclerotium of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., sclerotium with host wood of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf and root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. BJTW has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis and AD for hundreds of years. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of BJTW in the amelioration of memory impairment and bone loss induced by D-galactose and to explore the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aging model was established in male Wistar rats by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (100 mg/kg), and the rats were treated with huperzine-A, alendronate sodium, or the aqueous extract of BJTW for 4 months. Cognitive performance was evaluated with the Morris water maze. Rat femurs were scanned using microcomputed tomography to obtain three-dimensional imagery of bone microstructure. The impact of D-galactose on the expression of Forkhead box O1 and superoxide dismutase 2 in femur tissue was also evaluated. RESULTS: For the model group, BJTW treatment significantly reduced the latency time for finding the target platform in the directional swimming test and increased time spent swimming in the target quadrant with the probe test. Additionally, BJTW treatment alleviated D-galactose-induced bone loss through regulation of levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand. Furthermore, BJTW treatment increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels in serum, reduced malondialdehyde content in hippocampus, and upregulated expression of Forkhead O1, which upregulated superoxide dismutase 2 in the femur. CONCLUSIONS: BJTW had positive effects on age-related memory impairments and bone loss. It may be a promising antioxidant candidate for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis.

A natural compound (LCA) isolated from Litsea cubeba inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing Akt and MAPK pathways in mouse bone marrow macrophages.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. has been traditionally used as a folk prescription for treating rheumatic diseases in China. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of LCA, a new type of dibenzyl butane lignin compound extracted from L. cubeba, on macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) plus receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in mouse-derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: TRAP staining, TRAP enzyme activity assay and actin ring staining were applied to identify the effects of LCA on osteoclast differentiation. Protein expression of NFATc1, c-Fos and MMP-9, and phosphorylation of p65, Akt, JNK, ERK and p38 in RANKL-induced osteoclasts was determined using western blotting to investigate the underlying mechanism. RESULTS: LCA significantly suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting TRAP activity, decreasing the number of TRAP+ multinuclear osteoclasts and reducing the formation of F-actin ring without obvious cytotoxicity in BMMs. Moreover, LCA treatment strongly reduced protein expression of NFATc1, c-Fos and MMP-9, and attenuated the phosphorylation of p65, Akt, JNK, ERK and p38 in RANKL-stimulated BMMs. CONCLUSIONS: LCA ameliorated RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via inhibition of Akt and MAPK signalings in BMMs, and may serve as a potential pro-drug for bone destruction prevention.