ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In China, the identification rate and treatment rate of mental disorders are low, and there are few surveys on the prevalence of mental disorders among college students using diagnostic tools such as Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), so the prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among college students are unclear. AIM: To estimate prevalence of mental disorders among medical students in Hebei Province, and provide guidance for improving their mental health. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study based on an Internet-based survey. Three levels of medical students in Hebei Province were randomly selected (by cluster sampling) for screening. Using the information network assessment system, the subjects scanned the 2D code with their mobile phones, clicked to sign the informed consent, and answered a scale. A self-designed general status questionnaire was used to collect information about age, gender, ethnicity, grade, and origin of students. The MINI 5.0. was used to investigate mental disorders. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software. Statistically significant findings were determined using a two-tailed P value of 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 7117 subjects completed the survey between October 11 and November 7, 2021. The estimated prevalence of any mental disorders within 12 mo was 7.4%. Mood disorders were the most common category (4.3%), followed by anxiety disorders (3.9%); 15.0% had been to psychological counseling, while only 5.7% had been to a psychiatric consultation, and only 10% had received drug therapy in the past 12 mo. CONCLUSION: Although the estimated prevalence of mental disorders in medical students is lower than in the general population, the rate of adequate treatment is low. We determined that improving the mental health of medical students is an urgent matter.
ABSTRACT
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists provide a promising nondopaminergic approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Initial clinical trials of A2A antagonists targeted PD patients who had already developed treatment complications known as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID) in an effort to improve symptoms while reducing existing LID. The goal of this study is to explore the effect of A2A antagonists and targeted A2A receptor depletion on the actual development of sensitized responses to L-DOPA in mouse models of LID in PD. Hemiparkinsonian mice (unilaterally lesioned with 6-OHDA) were treated daily for 3 weeks with a low dose of L-DOPA (2 mg/kg) preceded by a low dose of selective A2A antagonist (KW-6002 [(E)-1,3-diethyl-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-7-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione] at 0.03 or 0.3 mg/kg, or SCH58261 [5-amino-7-(2-phenylethyl)-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine] at 0.03 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally. In control mice, contralateral rotational responses to daily L-DOPA gradually increased over the initial week before reaching a persistent maximum. Both A2A antagonists inhibited the development of sensitized contralateral turning, with KW-6002 pretreatment reducing the sensitized rotational responses by up to threefold. The development of abnormal involuntary movements (a measure of LID) as well as rotational responses was attenuated by the postnatal depletion of forebrain A2A receptors in conditional (Cre/loxP system) knock-out mice. These pharmacological and genetic data provide evidence that striatal A2A receptors play an important role in the neuroplasticity underlying behavioral sensitization to L-DOPA, supporting consideration of early adjunctive therapy with an A2A antagonist to reduce the risk of LID in PD.
Subject(s)
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/metabolism , Levodopa/toxicity , Parkinsonian Disorders/metabolism , Prosencephalon/physiology , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/physiology , Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists , Animals , Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/drug therapy , Levodopa/pharmacology , Levodopa/therapeutic use , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Oxidopamine/toxicity , Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced , Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy , Prosencephalon/drug effects , Prosencephalon/metabolism , Purines/pharmacology , Purines/therapeutic use , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/geneticsABSTRACT
Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are well positioned to influence the maladaptive CNS responses to repeated dopaminergic stimulation in psychostimulant addiction. Expression of A(2A)Rs in brain is largely restricted to the nucleus accumbens and striatum, where molecular adaptations mediate chronic effects of psychostimulants such as behavioral sensitization. Using a novel forebrain-specific conditional (Cre/loxP system) knockout of the A(2A)R in coordination with classical pharmacological approaches, we investigated the involvement of brain A(2A)Rs in amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Tissue-specific, functional disruption of the receptor was confirmed by autoradiography, PCR, and the loss of A(2A) antagonist-induced motor stimulation. Daily treatment with amphetamine for 1 week markedly enhanced locomotor responses on day 8 in control mice and the sensitization remained robust after a week of washout. Their conditional knockout littermates however showed no sensitization to amphetamine on day 8 and only a modest sensitization following the washout. Pharmacological blockade of adenosine A(2A)Rs also was able to block the development (but not the expression) of sensitization in multiple mouse strains. Thus activation of brain A(2A)Rs plays a critical role in developing augmented psychomotor responses to repeated psychostimulant exposure.
Subject(s)
Amphetamine/pharmacology , Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology , Prosencephalon/drug effects , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/drug effects , Animals , Autoradiography , Genotype , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , Motor Activity/drug effects , Psychomotor Performance/drug effects , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
We investigated the effect of chronic daily caffeine treatment on caffeine's neuroprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic toxicity. Mice received either caffeine (20 mg/kg) or saline daily for 9 days. Caffeine-induced locomotion tolerance developed within 3 days of treatment and persisted for the duration of the experiment. On day 10, mice were treated with MPTP (20 mg/kg, x4). Caffeine (20 mg/kg) or saline was administered 10 min before each MPTP dose. Acute pretreatment with caffeine attenuated MPTP-induced loss of striatal dopamine and dopamine transporter binding sites, and this attenuation was identical in mice pretreated chronically with caffeine or with saline. Thus, in contrast to the locomotor stimulant effect of caffeine, its neuroprotectant effect did not show tolerance to prior caffeine exposure. These data raise the possibility that caffeine may induce neuroprotection and locomotion by distinct mechanisms.
