The effects of low levels of trivalent ions on a standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) in aqueous solutions.

Considering the ever-growing usage of trivalent salts in water treatment, for example, lanthanum salts in rare earth, AlCl3 and FeCl3 , the effects of different trivalent cations on the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 11775 strain have been studied in aqueous solutions. From colony incubation studies, the colony-forming unit (CFU) densities were found to decrease significantly in the presence of even low levels (10-5  mol/L) of lanthanum chloride. This level of reduction in CFU number is comparable to the results obtained using the known bacteriocidal cationic surfactant, C14 TAB. By comparison, exposure of the cells to low levels of trivalent ion, aluminum and chromium ion solutions produced only modest reductions in CFU density. The results from the incubation studies suggest that the bacteriostatic mechanism of La3+ ions has similarities to that of the cationic surfactant, and different to that of the other trivalent ions. Size distribution and zeta potential measurements of E. coli cells and phospholipid vesicles in the presence of trivalent cations solutions suggested significant cell shrinkage probably caused by membrane disruption.

A study of the surface charging properties of a standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775) in aqueous solutions.

In this study, the Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain ATCC 11775 was studied to determine its surface charging properties in a range of different aqueous salt solutions, with the aim of evaluating its potential as a monitor organism for water treatment. Zeta potential measurements were carried out in various solutions containing: NaCl, CaCl2, MgSO4, ZnSO4 and C14TAB, at different pH values and concentrations. Interestingly, it was found that the zeta potential of this strain of E. coli remained fairly constant at pH values over about 6, in 1mM NaCl solutions. In order to explain the cell surface charging properties, a simple, mass action surface ionization model was developed. This model indicates that the surface charging of these E. coli cells can be modeled simply using the ionization behavior of the acid groups in the common anionic membrane lipid phosphatidylserine (PS). There appeared to be no specific, strong adsorption of either divalent anions or cations, until high salt concentrations, above about 0.1M. The results suggest that at high concentrations both Ca(2+) and SO4(2-) ions are strongly adsorbed at the cell surface. However reduction of the magnitude of the surface electrostatic potential, due to Ca(2+) ion adsorption, did not appear to cause any cellular binding. In comparison, cationic surfactant was strongly adsorbed by the cell membrane surface, even at concentrations of 0.1mM, and light scattering studies indicated that the adsorption of the surfactant appeared to lyse the cell membrane and release internal cellular materials leading to a significant reduction in cell size.

Study of a Novel Method for the Thermolysis of Solutes in Aqueous Solution Using a Low Temperature Bubble Column Evaporator.

An enhanced thermal decomposition of chemical compounds in aqueous solution has been achieved at reduced solution temperatures. The technique exploits hitherto unrecognized properties of a bubble column evaporator (BCE). It offers better heat transfer efficiency than conventional heat transfer equipment. This is obtained via a continuous flow of hot, dry air bubbles of optimal (1-3 mm) size. Optimal bubble size is maintained by using the bubble coalescence inhibition property of some salts. This novel method is illustrated by a study of thermal decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) in aqueous solutions. The decomposition occurs at significantly lower temperatures than those needed in bulk solution. The process appears to work via the continuous production of hot (e.g., 150 °C) dry air bubbles, which do not heat the solution significantly but produce a transient hot surface layer around each rising bubble. This causes the thermal decomposition of the solute. The decomposition occurs due to the effective collision of the solute with the surface of the hot bubbles. The new process could, for example, be applied to the regeneration of the ammonium bicarbonate draw solution used in forward osmosis.