Analysis of aerobic exercise influence on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: A randomized clinical trial.

Purpose: To investigate the change pattern of ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and intra-ocular pressure (IOP) after short-term and long-term aerobic exercise. Methods: In this prospective, single-masked, randomized clinical trial, 123 patients with a primary open angle glaucoma that locally used prostaglandin analog alone were randomly divided into the exercise and control groups. In the short-term study, all individuals underwent a cycling exercise at moderate intensity (20% Wmax for 10 minutes) and high intensity (60% Wmax for 5 minutes). During the long-term study, the exercise group is characterized by regular jogging exercise lasting for 30 minutes during 6: 00-10: 00 in the morning for 3 months, with the exercise frequency of at least 20 times per month, and with the intensity reflected by the target heart rate. The control group is designed as a group with irregular exercise. Results: After short-term aerobic exercise, IOP significantly decreased, whereas the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) significantly increased. The decreasing amplitude of IOP is related to the baseline of IOP, the intensity of exercise, gender, and so on. After 3 months of long-term exercise, the changes in the IOP level of the exercise group indicated a decreasing trend. Conclusion: The significant decrement of IOP and the increment of OPP suggest that aerobic exercise is beneficial for patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and appropriate aerobic exercise is appropriate in treating glaucoma patients. Trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR-TRC-10001055. Registered one October 2010-Retrospectively registered, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj = 8483.

Knockin of the G275E mutation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 confers high levels of resistance to spinosyns in Spodoptera exigua.

Spinosyns, including spinosad and spinetoram, act on the insect central nervous system, gradually paralyzing or destroying the target insect. Spinosad resistance is associated with loss-of-function mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α6 subunit in a number of agricultural pests. Using gene editing, nAChR α6 has been verified as a target for spinosyns in five insect species. Recently, a point mutation (G275E) in exon 9 of nAChR α6 was identified in spinosad-resistant strains of Thrips palmi and Tuta absoluta. To date, no in vivo functional evidence has been obtained to support that this mutation is involved in spinosyn resistance in lepidopteran pests. In this study, the G275E mutation was introduced into the nAChR of Spodoptera exigua using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene-editing technology. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed that this mutation was present in exon 9 of the nAChR transcripts in the edited 275E strain. The results of bioassays showed that the 275E strain was highly resistant to spinosad (230-fold) and spinetoram (792-fold) compared to the unedited background strain, directly confirming that the G275E mutation of the nAChR α6 subunit confers high levels of spinosyn resistance in S. exigua. Inheritance analysis showed that the resistance trait is autosomal and incompletely recessive. This study employs a reverse genetics approach to validate the functional role played by the G275E mutation in nAChR α6 of S. exigua in spinosyns resistance and provides another example of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to confirm the role played by candidate target site mutations in insecticide resistance.