ABSTRACT
Chrysanthemum indicum, with excellent pharmaceutical prospects, widely distributes in China. At present, the study found that the main chemical constituents of C. indicum include flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. The infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, related molecular biological technology, and other modern analysis technology are widely used in the quality evaluation on C. indicum. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and quality evaluation of C. indicum is reviewed, providing the scientific basis for its further development and utilization.
ABSTRACT
Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription, which consisted of Corydalis and Angelica dahurica, is a clinical commonly used classical prescription, with exactly analgesic effect. At present, the study found that the main chemical components of this prescription contain alkaloids, coumarins, volatile oil, phenolic acids, steroids, and triterpenes, with the alkaloids from Corydalis and coumarins from Angelica dahurica as the main chemical constituents; Pharmacological research shows that the prescription has analgesia, vasodilatation, spasmolysis, and other pharmacological activities. In this paper, the research progress in the chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of Yuanhu Zhitong Prescription are reviewed, providing the scientific basis for its modernization research and comprehensive utilization.
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Objective: To analyze the contents of linarin and chlorogenic acid in different parts such as flowers, leaves, young stems, and old stems of Chrysanthemum indicum. To provide the theoretical basis and analysis method for the quality evaluation of different parts of C. indicum. Methods: Thermo C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution in the gradient elution by HPLC-DAD. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, the column temperature was set at 30°C, and the detective wavelength was 327 nm. Results: The linear response of linarin ranged from 0.15 to 3.00 μg (r=0.9990), and that for chlorogenic acid was from 0.01 to 0.20 μg (r=0.9995), the average recovery was 98.17% and 97.99%, respectively. The content of linarin from the leaves was higher, the content of chlorogenic acid from the flowers was higher, and the content of each component in the stems was the lowest. Conclusion: The method is convenient, and the result is accurate and can be used for the quality control of different parts of C. indicum. The results of content determination indicate that there are linarin and chlorogenic acid in all different parts of C. indicum, but the mass fractions were obviously different.
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Objective: To investigate the contents of total ginsenosides and 10 sorts of monomer ginsenosides in the roots of Panax ginseng from different habitats of northeast China and its processed products, and thus to provide the useful reference data for its quality st andard establishment and st andardized cultivation. Methods: Based on the pharmacopoeia and literatures related to the roots of P. ginseng, the contents of total ginsenosides and 10 sorts of monomer ginsenosides in the roots of P. ginseng samples collected from 10 different habitats of northeast China and its processed product samples were studied and determined, and then these various indicators were analyzed by DTOPSIS method. Results: Ginseng from Changbai, Ji'an, and Fusong reached the st andard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 and Chinese National St andards in those different measurement indicators. Comprehensive evaluation of ginseng from Changbai, Ji'an, Fusong, and Jingyu by DTOPSIS method showed better results than others. Conclusion: The qualities of ginseng from different habitats of northeast China are different. Ginseng collected from those four habitats which result better quality of ginseng than that of ginseng from other place stems from Chinese GAP ginseng planting bases, and thus reflects the importance of GAP for ginseng cultivation.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the regulatory rolesof SIRT1 on EZH2 expression and the further effects on EZH 2’ s repression of target gene expression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The stable SIRT1 RNAi and Control RNAi HeLa cells were established by infection with retroviruses expressing shSIRT1 and shLuc respectively followed by puromycin selection. EZH2 protein level was detected by Western blot in either whole cell lysate or the fractional cell extract. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the mRNA level of EZH2. Cycloheximide was used to treat SIRT1 RNAi and Control RNAi cells for protein stability assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP) assay was applied to measure enrichment of SIRT1, EZH2, and trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) at SATB1 promoter in SIRT1 RNAi and Control RNAi cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Western blot results showed that EZH2 protein level increased upon SIRT1 depletion. Fractional extraction results showed unchanged cytoplasmic fraction and increased chromatin fraction of EZH2 protein in SIRT1 RNAi cells. The mRNA level of EZH2 was not affected by knockdown of SIRT1. SIRT1 recruitment was not detected at the promoter regionof EZH2 gene locus. The protein stability assay showed that the protein stability of EZH2 increases upon SIRT1 knockdown. Upon SIRT1 depletion, EZH2 and H3K27me3 recruitment at SATB1 promoter increases and the mRNA level of SATB1 decreases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Depletion of SIRT1 increases the protein stability of EZH2. The regulation of EZH2 protein level by SIRT1 affects the repressive effects of EZH2 on the target gene expression.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , DNA-Binding Proteins , Chemistry , Physiology , Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein , Gene Expression Regulation , HeLa Cells , Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 , Repressor Proteins , Physiology , Sirtuin 1 , Physiology , Transcription Factors , Chemistry , PhysiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the regulatory mechanism of SATB1 repression in cells other than T cells or erythroid cells, which have high expression level of SATB1. METHODS: HeLa epithelial cells were treated with either histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) or DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-C before detecting SATB1 expression. Luciferase reporter system was applied to measure effects of EZH2 on SATB1 promoter activity. Over-expression or knockdown of EZH2 and subsequent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine the effect of this Polycomb group protein on SATB1 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was applied to measure enrichment of EZH2 and trimethylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) at SATB1 promoter in HeLa cells. K562 cells and Jurkat cells, both having high-level expression of SATB1, were used in the ChIP experiment as controls. RESULTS: Both TSA and 5-Aza-C increased SATB1 expression in HeLa cells. Over-expression of EZH2 reduced promoter activity as well as the mRNA level of SATB1, while knockdown of EZH2 apparently enhanced SATB1 expression in HeLa cells but not in K562 cells and Jurkat cells. ChIP assay Results suggested that epigenetic silencing of SATB1 by EZH2 in HeLa cells was mediated by trimethylation modification of H3K27. In contrast, enrichment of EZH2 and H3K27me3 was not detected within proximal promoter region of SATB1 in either K562 or Jurkat cells. CONCLUSION: SATB1 is a bona fide EZH2 target gene in HeLa cells and the repression of SATB1 by EZH2 may be mediated by trimethylation modification on H3K27.
