Effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on physico-chemical characteristics and lead(ii) removal of biochar derived from chicken manure.

Biochar derived from chicken manure, as an effective metal adsorbent, was prepared through a pyrolysis method at different pyrolytic temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C). The physicochemical characteristics of chicken manure biochar (CMB) and its lead (Pb2+) adsorption mechanisms were studied by batch adsorption experiments, DTA/TGA, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR and an analysis of the composition of their mineral ash. Results showed that the best-fit for the Pb2+ adsorption data was achieved using a Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+ increased with increasing of pyrolytic temperatures of the CMB, being 180.21, 200.80, 239.59, and 242.57 mg g-1, respectively, for CMB-200, CMB-400, CMB-600 and CMB-200. Although Pb2+ adsorption on CMB revealed that adsorption was controlled by multiple mechanisms, (e.g. surface complexation, ion exchange, surface precipitation, electrostatic attraction, physical adsorption, and co-precipitation), the ion exchange and surface precipitation played a dominant role in Pb2+ sorption. Using CMB for the removal of Pb from water is proposed as an effective, environmentally protective, novel approach.

Selenite mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative stress and affects Cd uptake in rice seedlings under different water management systems.

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic throughout the food chain. Selenium (Se) can mitigate Cd accumulation in rice plants, although it is unclear why it has such effect. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of Se application on Cd-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant activities, and the combined effects of Se application and water management on the formation of iron plaque on the rice surface and Fe, Cd, and Se accumulation in rice plants. Rice seedlings were grown in Cd-contaminated soil with or without the addition of Se, and in aerobic or flooded conditions. Exogenous Se reduced Cd-induced oxidative stress. In the flooded treatment, exogenous selenite significantly decreased Cd concentrations in rice tissues, whereas it noticeably enhanced Cd concentrations in rice tissues in the aerobic treatment. Furthermore, selenite addition and flooding promote the formation of iron plaque and increase Fe concentrations in rice tissues. Pearson correlation analysis shows that plant Cd was significantly negatively correlated with Fe concentrations in rice tissues, and plant Fe was significantly positively correlated with Se concentrations in rice tissues, but no significant correlation was found between Cd and Se concentrations Thus, exogenous selenite may indirectly affect Cd uptake by influencing the formation of iron plaque on rice root surface, Fe uptake and Fe levels in rice.

Analysis of vaccination situation of orial live attenuated rotavirus vaccine (LLR strain) among children in 6 provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To analyze vaccination situation of oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccine (LLR strain) among children from six provinces in China.@*Methods@#In 2014, we selected 12 counties in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang and Gansu provinces by using stratified cluster random sampling method and extract information of children born from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012 from Children's Immunization Information System. We investigated ten children of each birth cohort in each county by checking the vaccination certification, and a total of 606 children were investigated. A survey was conducted to check the information of the children's vaccination certification with the data of Children's Immunization Information System by questionnaire including the basic information (province, county, name, gender, birth date, etc) and the rotavirus vaccination (vaccination date, dose, etc) to analyze the rotavirus vaccination situation.@*Results@#340 of 606 children were male. There were 121, 124, 122, 119 and 120 children born in 2008-2012, respectively. The proportions of the first and the second dose of rotavirus vaccination were 32.8% (199) and 9.7% (59). The proportion of the third dose of rotavirus vaccination among children born between 2008 and 2010 was 3.5% (13) since children born in 2011 and 2012 did not reach the age of third dose vaccination. The proportion of the first dose of rotavirus vaccination in high, middle and low per capita disposable income areas was 45.0% (91), 37.7% (77) and 15.5% (31) respectively (χ2= 43.15, P<0.001). Among 199 children vaccinated with the first dose of vaccine, the vaccination age mainly concentrated in 2 to 21 months, of which the peak was 5 to 13 months (66.8%, 133). The intervals between 2 doses of vaccination were mainly from 12 to 13 months (42.4%, 25) among the 59 children who received at least 2 doses of vaccine. In the 13 children vaccinated with 3 doses, the intervals between the second and the third dose were 12 months (5). Of the 271 doses of rotavirus vaccine vaccinated during 2008-2014, 34.7% (94 doses) were vaccinated in June-August, 88 were vaccinated simultaneously with 18 other vaccines, accounting for 32.5% of the total. Of the 18 other vaccines, inactivated vaccines such as diphtheria vaccine (30 doses), Hib vaccine (14 doses), group A meningitis vaccine (10 doses) were predominant.@*Conclusion@#The proportion of rotavirus vaccination was low and the vaccination age was relatively late. The vaccination mode was different from the recommendation of WHO. It is recommended that routine immunization of rotavirus vaccines should be carried out in early-months of children.

Evaluation of liver function after G4 cyberknife treatment of large hepatocellular carcinoma / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of G4 cyberknife treatment of large hepatocellular car-cinoma on liver function,and to evaluate its treatment safety.Methods Sixty-three large liver cancer patients treated with routine G4 cyberknife treatment were retrospectively analyzed,and then statistical analysis of the difference in liver function before and after treatment was conducted.Results After G4 cyberknife treatment of 1 2 months,the levels of ALT,ALP,TBIL,PA were respectively 23.00 U /L,1 1 1 .00 U /L,1 3.70 μmol/L, (81 .87 ±1 3.94)%.Compared with the levels before treatment [28.00 U /L,32.00 U /L,1 1 .30 μmol/L, (86.07 ±1 4.07)%],there were no signi-ficant differences found (Z =-1 .677,P =0.094;Z =-0.504, P =0.61 4;Z =-1 .945,P =0.053;t =1 .271 ,P =0.21 3).The level of ambumin was (34.84 ±4.75)g/L at 1 2 months after treatment,which decreased and the difference compared with the level before treatment [(37.45 ±4.1 4)g/L]was significant (t =3.357,P =0.002).The Child-Pugh grade was 5.80 ±1 .1 7 respectively at the time points of 1 2 months after treatment,and no significant difference was found compared with the Child-Pugh grade before treatment (5.48 ±0.81 ,t =-1 .668,P =0.1 06).Conclusion G4 cyberknife treatment does not cause liver injury.It is safe and reliable in large liver cancer treatment.So,it is worth widely clinical popularizing.