FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR VASECTOMY IN BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PIGRA).

Three adult black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) were vasectomized for the purpose of population control. Two different surgical approaches (inguinal and pelvic) were used to vasectomize the animals under general anesthesia. One monkey was vasectomized with a pelvic approach, and the other two monkeys were vasectomized with an inguinal approach. The inguinal approach was minimally invasive and proved to be an effective field procedure, utilizing minimal surgical equipment with a mean operative time of 35 min. The inguinal approach allowed for better visualization of the spermatic cord, which prompted easier ligation and transection of the ductus deferens. Identification of the ductus deferens was successfully performed intraoperatively using a tuberculin syringe to aseptically aspirate cord contents, as histopathology was not available. All howler monkeys fully recovered without complication. The social hierarchy of the troop and mating behavior has not been affected. There have been no new pregnancies reported in the troop since the vasectomies were performed. The inguinal approach is preferred as it is minimally invasive and can be performed confidently in a field setting.

Surgical management and outcome of acquired inguinal hernias in mature bulls: 13 cases (2005-2017).

OBJECTIVE: To describe rates of surgical complications, survival, and return to breeding soundness following herniorrhaphy for bulls with inguinal hernias. ANIMALS: 13 sexually mature bulls with acquired inguinal hernias. PROCEDURES: Medical record databases of 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were searched to identify records of bulls that underwent herniorrhaphy for correction of an inguinal hernia from 2005 to 2017. Information extracted from the medical records included breed, age, duration and side of the hernia, surgical procedure details, postoperative complications, and information regarding subsequent fertility. RESULTS: All 13 bulls had a left inguinal hernia and were anesthetized and underwent herniorrhaphy via an inguinal approach. The left testicle was removed during the surgical procedure in 2 bulls. Nylon or polypropylene mesh secured with size-5 polyester suture was used to facilitate inguinal ring closure in 2 bulls. The inguinal ring was closed with size-5 or size-2 polyester suture in the remaining bulls. Postoperative complications included hernia recurrence (n = 4), excessive scrotal swelling (3), and transient radial nerve paralysis (1). Follow-up information was available for 7 bulls. All 7 bulls had impregnated cows or heifers following surgery, including 1 bull that had hernia recurrence and underwent unilateral castration during the second herniorrhaphy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inguinal herniorrhaphy with or without mesh was a safe and effective procedure for inguinal hernia repair in bulls and was associated with a good prognosis for subsequent fertility. However, sparing the ipsilateral testicle during the herniorrhaphy procedure might increase the risk for hernia recurrence.

Global Challenges and Solutions: Role of Telemedicine in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Interventions.

Major disparities exist between developed and developing countries in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). These pronounced differences result in significantly increased morbidity and mortality from AMI in different regions of the world. Lack of infrastructure, insurance, facilities, and skilled personnel are the major constraints. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention has revolutionized the treatment of AMI; however, its global use is limited by the listed constraints. Telemedicine provides an efficient methodology that can hugely increase access and accuracy of AMI management.

Mortalidad por infección VIH/SIDA en Venezuela: 1996-2007 / Mortality by HIV/AIDS infectious in Venezuela: 1996-2007

La reducción en la morbilidad y particularmente mortalidad por VIH/SIDA se ha logrado a través de los programas de prevención y tratamiento, los cuales han demostrado ser exitosos en muchas partes del mundo. El objeto de este trabajo es revisar y analizar el patrón de comportamiento de la mortalidad por la infección VIH/SIDA en Venezuela durante el período 1996 a 2007. Es un estudio descriptivo de la mortalidad por "Enfermedad por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (B20-B24)" a partir de los anuarios de mortalidad del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud de Venezuela para el período 1996 a 2007. El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha incrementado en número de muertes, tasas de mortalidad y posición como causa específica de muerte en Venezuela durante el período de estudio, teniendo una mayor importancia en el Distrito Capital y el Estado Bolívar, siendo más relevante en la población de 25 a 35 años de edad, y del sexo masculino, aun cuando se está incrementando en el sexo femenino. Estos resultados plantean la necesidad de una aproximación integral a la prevención del problema para poder reducir significativamente la carga de la enfermedad en Venezuela.

Reduction in morbidity and particularly in mortality due to HIV/AIDS has been achieved through prevention and treatment programs. These have demostrated being successful in many places of the World. The objetive of this study is to review and analyze the pattern of accurrence of HIV/AIDS mortality in Venezuela between 1996 and 2007. This is a descriptive study of the mortality due to "Disease due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (B20-B24)" from the annual records of mortality of the Ministry of Health of Venezuela for the period 1996-2007. Human Immunodeficiency Virus has increased in dealth numbers, mortality rates and position as specific cause of death in Venezuela during the study period, having a higher importance at the Capital District and at the Bolivar state, being more relevant in the population of 25-35 years-old, and from the male sex, although in female is also increasing. These results represent a need for an integral approach to the problem prevention in order to significantly reduce the burden of disease in Venezuela.

Interpopulation differences in exudate feeding of pygmy marmosets in Ecuadorian Amazonia.

Local variations in fruit- and leaf-eating have been reported for some primate species; however, similar variations in exudate-feeding of pygmy marmosets, one of the most specialized neotropical primate species, have not been studied. In our 3-year study of four populations of pygmy marmosets in northeastern Ecuador, we characterized their exudate-feeding behavior by describing the use of exudate sources. We tested whether the use of exudate species was related to ecological factors such as the availability of exudate species in an area. We estimated the daily activity budgets of the groups with 1-hr scan samples and found significant interpopulation differences in the time spent on exudate feeding. We recorded a total of 18 exudate species used in the four populations; however, the populations differed in the total number of species used and in the preferred species. The most commonly used plant species were Sterculia apetala at San Pablo, Cedrela odorata at Sacha, Inga marginata at Amazoonico, and Parkia balslevii at Zancudo. We recorded the presence and abundance of the 18 exudate species in 90-m transects in the home range of each group and in one additional control area that contained no marmosets, for each population. Differences in the most-used exudate species among populations did not appear to be related to the availability of these species in each population, i.e., the marmosets did not use at random the exudate species available within their range, nor did they use more often the exudate species that were more abundant in their home ranges. One implication of our results for conservation is that protecting exudate resources based on data from only one area will not be sufficient to preserve pygmy marmosets in all populations.

¿Qué son los derechos humanos? / What are the Human Rights?

Es un material didáctico para enseñar el significado y la historia de los derechos humanos. Anexa la declaración...