Vertebral Hemangiomas: Yucesoy-Yilmaz Classification System with Corresponding Therapeutic Options.

OBJECTIVE: Vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) are relatively common, symptomatic benign tumors of the spine with a reported estimated incidence up to 11%. They usually appear in the body of the vertebrae; however, they can extend into pedicles, laminae, and epidural space. They may cause pain, neurologic deficits. and fractures. METHODS: In this retrospective, single-center study, we reviewed our cases with VH and we propose the novel classification system that evaluates these lesions per their views on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings under 4 main categories. RESULTS: Our novel classification system proposes that grade I lesions occupy less than 50% of the vertebral body, whereas grade II lesions occupy more than 50% and grade III lesions occupy the whole corpus. Grade IV lesions show an epidural and pedicular extension. We propose that grade I lesions may not be worthwhile for follow-up, whereas asymptomatic grade II (a) lesions to be worthy for a biannual imaging and symptomatic thoracolumbar grade II (b) and thoracolumbar grade III lesions to be considered for percutaneous vertebroplasty. We imply that decompression, posterior spinal instrumentation, and open vertebroplasty may be performed for thoracolumbar grade IV lesions. We further consider cervical grade IIb, III, and grade IV lesions as operable because of the disadvantages of percutaneous vertebroplasty. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that our novel classification system may be useful for the determination of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the management of VH. Further multicentric trials on larger series are warranted to validate this system and popularize its utility in larger populations.

A novel surgical technique for treatment of symptomatic Tarlov cysts.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective study was to describe a novel, simple surgical technique for the treatment of symptomatic Tarlov cysts. METHODS: A total of 40 patients with symptomatic Tarlov cysts, admitted to our tertiary center between 1998 and 2019 constituted the study group. All patients underwent microsurgical puckering of the cyst, the technique we described to prevent a recurrence. Patients' symptoms, radiological findings, intraoperative findings, and clinical results were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients (5 males, 35 females) whose charts were reviewed, the mean age was 28.4 (range, 17-61) years. The mean follow-up was 8 (range, 3 months to 21 years) years. Preoperatively, the most common symptoms were leg pain and numbness of the lower extremity. Postoperatively, no major complications were observed. Clinical progression was halted in all patients; 33 (82%) patients recovered completely and seven (17%) patients reported partial recovery. Cystic cavity persisted radiologically in five (12%) patients, decreased in size in 30 (75%) patients, and regressed completely in the remaining five (12%) patients. None of the patients had permanent neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: Puckering of the cyst membrane is a safe and easy-to-perform surgical technique for symptomatic Tarlov cysts. This technique can be used almost in all cases instead of the commonly used microsurgical cyst excision or cyst fenestration.

Transforaminal Vertebroplasty for Screwed Vertebrae: A New Minimally Invasive Technique.

OBJECTIVE: Pedicle screw loosening and fractures of instrumented vertebrae are not uncommon and require reoperations, which are an immense burden on the patient and health care system. We aimed to describe a novel, simple percutaneous technique on instrumented vertebrae for treating pedicle screw loosening and demonstrate that corpus with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures can be managed with this simple technique. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed using data gathered from 15 patients who underwent transforaminal vertebroplasty due to symptomatic pedicle screw loosening and vertebral body fracture between 2020 and 2021. Patients' symptoms, radiologic findings, intraoperative findings, and clinical outcomes were noted. RESULTS: This series consisted of 5 male and 10 female patients, and the mean duration of follow-up was 8 months (range: 3 to 13). The average age was 66.67 ± 4.59 years (range: 55-72). Preoperatively, symptoms were leg pain, numbness of the lower extremity, and back pain. Postoperatively, no major complications were observed. Clinical progression of pedicle screw loosening and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were halted in all patients. None of the patients had permanent neurologic deficits. All the patients reported a dramatic decrease in pain immediately after the procedure. The vertebral fracture was detected in 3 patients, and screw loosening occurred in 12 patients. All symptoms resolved during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results imply that transforaminal vertebroplasty is a safe and easy percutaneous technique in symptomatic pedicle screw loosening and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the instrumented vertebrae. Further trials on larger series are necessary to validate our data.

Anterior hybrid construction of multilevel cervical disc disease and spondylotic spinal stenosis: surgical results and factors affecting adjacent segment problems.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate reliability, radiological outcomes, and the impacts of anterior cervical hybrid construction on the adjacent segments for the multilevel cervical degenerative disc disease (mCDDD) and spondylotic spinal stenosis (SSS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using data extracted from the medical files of 195 patients (105 males, 90 females; mean age: 47.7 years). From 2008 to 2018, these patients underwent anterior cervical hybrid construction for symptomatic contiguous at least 2-level cervical degenerative disc diseases and cervical spondylosis. Clinical and radiological data including Neck Disability Index (NDI), visual analogue scale (VAS), local cervical degenerative disk disease in adjacent segments on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) views, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean clinical and radiological follow-up was 45.2 months (range 24 to 102). Radiculopathy and/or myelopathy were the main clinical problems in all patients. The mean VAS scores of HC for arm pain were 7.4 ± 0.8 preoperatively; 2.8 ± 0.6, 1 month after surgery; 2.3 ± 0.6, 6 months after surgery; 1.8 ± 0.6, 12 month after surgery; and 1.6 ± 0.6, 24 months after surgery. The mean NDI scores (mean ± SD) of HC significantly improved after surgery (on admission, 57.2 ± 5.5%; 1 month after surgery, 27.35 ± 5.3%; 6 month after surgery, 21.43 ± 2.8%; 12 months after surgery, 21.9 ± 2.3%; 24 months after surgery, 20.6 ± 2.6%, p = 0.006). Hoarseness and dysphagia were the most common complications and osteophyte formation was the most frequent radiographic change. CONCLUSION: Anterior cervical hybrid construction appears to be an acceptable option in the management of multilevel cervical degenerative disc diseases and spondylotic spinal stenosis.

Angiocentric Glioma: The Infiltrative Glioma with Ependymal Differentiation.

Angiocentric glioma is an epileptogenic, infiltrative, low grade glial tumor, with ependymal and astrocytic differentiation, most commonly seen in young adults and the pediatric age group. Herein we report a case of 21-year-old male patient who presented with fever and pharmaco-resistant seizures. Computed tomography revealed an iso-dense mass lesion in the gyrus rectus of the left frontal lobe. On magnetic resonance imaging the mass was hyperintense on both T1- and T2-weighted images with no contrast enhancement. Histopathological examination revealed monomorphous tumor cells diffusely infiltrating the neuropil with circumferential, radial, or longitudinal angiocentric alignment and subpial aggregation with perpendicular alignment of the cells to the pial surface. Among central nervous system tumors with ependymal differentiation, this distinct entity is the one with an infiltrating growth pattern. In spite of the infiltrating pattern, it does not seem to have a potential for aggressive behavior.

Early and long-term changes in adjacent vertebral body bone mineral density determined by quantitative computed tomography after posterolateral fusion with transpedicular screw fixation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate vertebral body bone mineral density (BMD) changes following posterolateral fusion with transpedicular screw fixation using quantitative computerized tomography (QCT) in short and relatively long-term periods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to investigate vertebral body BMD changes in the patients who underwent posterolateral fusion with transpedicular screw fixation at thoracic and lumbar spine. A total of 160 patients were enrolled into the study. According to the follow-up period, patients were divided into two subgroups (group 1, early follow-up, mean follow-up period, 279.3±162.3 days and group 2, later follow-up, mean follow-up period, 969.1±274.2 days). The trabecular BMDs (mg/cm³) were measured from T12 to L5 as screw free levels by using QCT measurement software. Comparisons between preoperative and postoperative BMD values were assessed using paired t-test. RESULTS: The mean postoperative BMD values of both group 1 and 2 weresignificantly lower, compared with the preoperative values (79.2±31.3mg/cm³ vs. 91.5±31.4mg/cm(3), 76.1±25.5mg/cm(3) vs. 89.3±30.4mg/cm(3), p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant correlation between BMD loss and number of fused segments. Vertebral BMD loss was significantly higher in the L3 vertebra when located caudally to the operation site than when located cranially (-27.7±19.8% vs. -12.8±27.1%; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The vertebral body BMD values are decreased at the adjacent of the posterolateral fusion with transpedicular screw fixation levels in both cephalad and caudad sides at an average of 9-months-follow-up postoperatively. This BMD loss persisted, but not worsened at an average of 32-months-follow-up. Vertebral BMD loss was significantly higher in the L3 vertebra when located caudally versus cranially to the surgery site.

Asymmetric Posterior Thoracolumbar Fixation following a Posterolateral Transpedicular Approach for Unilateral Vertebral Disease.

The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent asymmetrical posterior screw fixation for the treatment of unilateral posterior vertebral pathological entities. The study included 21 patients with a spinal tumor who underwent asymmetrical posterior spinal fusion surgery between April 2009 and March 2012. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score visual analog scale (VAS) score were used as the outcome measure at admission and follow-up. Among the 21 patients, 12 were male and 9 were female, and mean age was 50.71 (range, 24-78) years. Mean follow-up was 16.04 (range, 4-47) months. Postoperatively, neurological findings did not deteriorate in any of the patients. Among the ASIA grade C and D patients, eight (38%) of them exhibited clinical stability or recovery to ASIA E, whereas none of the ASIA B patients scores changed postoperatively. Perioperative complications were noted in six patients (28%). Spinal stability and fusion were achieved in 18 (85%) patients. The surgical asymmetrical fixation technique described reduced the duration of surgery, and the patients required less dissection of paraspinal muscles than bilateral symmetrical fixation. Asymmetrical fixation provides good stabilization for unilateral thoracolumbar vertebral pathological entities, and facilitates rapid rehabilitation of such patients, who are often elderly with comorbidities.

Ruptured distal middle cerebral artery aneurysm: Case report.

INTRODUCTION: This report describes a rare case of a distal middle cerebral artery (dMCA) aneurysm. PRESENTATION OF CASE: That developed a right intracerebral haematoma and subarachnoid haemorrhage. It was treated by surgical exploration and clipping via pterional approach. DISCUSSION: Clinical findings and surgical approaches of dMCA aneurysm are different from proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms. Microneurosurgical clipping is the most effective treatment of dMCA aneurysm. CONCLUSION: We comprehensively review the literature related to these rare aneurysms within the temporal lobe, surgical anatomy of the dMCA aneurysm.

Transient allodynia following caudal lipoma excision: a case report.

Allodynia is the sensation of pain due to non-painful stimuli. It usually occurs due to destructive lesions of the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Allodynia following intradural lipoma surgery has been reported previously. We herein report a case of allodynia developed after microsurgical caudal lipoma excision without associated spinal cord injury.

Effect of arthroplasty design on cervical spine kinematics: analysis of the Bryan Disc, ProDisc-C, and Synergy disc.

OBJECT: Cervical total disc replacement has emerged as a surgical option to preserve motion and potentially avoid adjacent-segment disease after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Recently, much attention has been directed at the ability of a given device to maintain and/or restore normal segmental alignment. Nonphysiological disc and segmental angulation could result in increased stresses transmitted to the facet joints and posterior elements, conflicting with the essence of arthroplasty and potentially leading to adjacent-segment disease. The goal of this study was to contrast device alignment and segmental kinematics provided by 3 different cervical disc prostheses. METHODS: Sixty patients were retrospectively analyzed and divided into 3 groups receiving the Bryan, ProDisc-C, or Synergy disc. Only single-level arthroplasty cases were included in the study. Lateral dynamic radiographs of the cervical spine were analyzed using quantitative motion analysis software (Medical Metrics, Inc.) to analyze the kinematics at the index level both preoperatively and postoperatively. Several parameters were noted, including range of motion, disc angles, shell angles, anterior and posterior disc heights, translation, and center of rotation. Preoperative and postoperative data were compared using the Student t-test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Postoperatively, all 3 disc groups maintained adequate range of motion at the implanted level. With respect to the shell angles, the Synergy disc demonstrated the least variability, maintaining 6 degrees lordotic configuration between the device endplates. In the Bryan disc group, significant shell kyphosis developed postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Both ProDisc-C and Synergy discs significantly increased anterior and posterior disc heights (p < 0.0001). The Bryan and Synergy discs maintained the natural center of rotation, whereas significant anterior shift occurred with ProDisc-C. CONCLUSIONS: The goal for motion preservation at the implanted level was achieved using all 3 devices. The Synergy disc was unique in its ability to alter device angulation by 6 degrees. The Bryan disc demonstrated device endplate kyphosis. Both the Synergy disc and ProDisc-C increased disc space height.

SCIWORA in MRI era.

The aim of this report is to discuss the use of the term 'Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality' (SCIWORA) in the medical literature ever since MRI became commonly employed in the diagnosis of spinal cord injuries. Using the PubMed database and the keywords 'SCIWORA and MRI', we found 30 published articles in the English-language literature. Incidence, clinical and radiological data, and MRI findings were evaluated in all articles, which included one meta-analysis, two reviews, 10 case series, and 17 case reports. The incidence of SCIWORA among children was found to be between 3.3% and 32.0%. This wide range was directly related to patients' age, authors' specialty, and utilization of MRI. After MRI became commonly used for spinal injuries, the term has taken on an ambiguous meaning in the literature. In our opinion, if any pathology is detected on MRI with or without radiographic abnormality, the patients should not be classed, as SCIWORA and 'real-SCIWORA' should be determined as 'Spinal Cord Injury Without Neuroimaging Abnormality' in cases with normal MRI.

Biomechanics of unilateral compared with bilateral lumbar pedicle screw fixation for stabilization of unilateral vertebral disease.

OBJECT: An in vitro flexibility experiment was performed to compare the biomechanical stability of asymmetrical lumbar pedicle screw fixation (longer hardware attached ipsilaterally to a 1-sided lesion), short and long fixation, and fixation with and without interconnection to the involved vertebra. METHODS: Seven human cadaveric specimens (T12-S1) were studied intact; after simulated unilateral lesions were created at L2-3 and L3-4, the segments were stabilized by 1) L2-4 unilateral fixation (L-3 excluded), 2) L2-4 bilateral fixation (L-3 included contralaterally), 3) L2-5 unilateral fixation (L-3 excluded), 4) L2-5 fixation ipsilateral (L-3 excluded) and L2-4 fixation contralateral (L-3 included), 5) L2-5 bilateral fixation (L-3 included contralaterally), and 6) L2-5 bilateral fixation (L-3 excluded). The testing order varied among specimens. Angular range of motion (ROM) and lax zone were recorded optically while loading to 6.0 Nm was created with nonconstraining pure moments. RESULTS: Unilateral short fixation provided significantly worse stabilization than any other construct tested in all loading modes (p < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of variance). There was a mean 56% reduction in ROM across the lesion after adding 1 additional level rostrally and caudally. Asymmetrical long/short stabilization provided similar stability to symmetrical long stabilization. Minimal additional stability was gained by including L-3 in the long bilateral fixation construct. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral fixation is inadequate for stabilizing a 2-level unilateral lesion. Bilateral fixation, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, provides good stabilization for this injury. It is not important for stability to include the level of the lesion within the long construct contralaterally.

Simulation of cerebrovascular circulation in the human cadaver for surgical neuroanatomy training.

OBJECTIVE: The current progress in diagnostic and screening methods and surgical equipment technologies facilitates the accessibility to numerous anatomic structures through various interventional approaches. Consequently, the exact knowledge of the anatomic locations of neurovascular structures and their interactions may ensure that the surgical intervention is planned in the most appropriate way and the structures are accessed with the least complication risk during the intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A decapitated and formalin fixated whole-head of a male human cadaver kept for educational and research purposes in the Dokuz Eylul University Department of Anatomy was used in this study. Two separate reservoirs (for the arterial and the venous system) were connected to the Truno System 3 labeled perfusion pump. The reservoirs were filled with blue and red warm tap water. Colored tap water pumped on the right was emptied from the left. Continuous flow of the water in the closed-circuit arterial and venous systems was achieved. As the circulation was continuing, pterional craniotomy was performed and the dura mater was accessed and lifted under the Zeiss dissecting microscope. CONCLUSION: We believe that this model may contribute to neuroanatomy education and provide experience for the safe and ethical performance of surgical interventions during the intraoperative period.

Optochiasmatic cavernous angioma: unexpected diagnosis. Case report.

A 15-year-old boy presented with an extremely rare optochiasmatic cavernous angioma. He was admitted to a special hospital with the complaint of blurred vision persisting for 1 month. Magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy of the lesion were inconclusive. He was admitted to our neurosurgical clinic after worsening of the visual symptoms 9 months later. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed optochiasmatic cavernous angioma which had doubled in size. The lesion was removed completely without any problem. Postoperatively his visual complaints remained stable, but had improved after 1 year. Optochiasmatic cavernous malformation should be treated by surgical excision, whereas biopsy is useless and may result in enlargement.

Kyphosis one level above the cervical disc disease: is the kyphosis cause or effect?

If present, kyphotic angulation is generally at the level of the cervical disc disease (CDD) in the neck, but sometimes occurs at one level above the CDD. We name this situation as kyphosis one level above (KOLA). KOLA CDD has not been studied previously. In this study, we present 18 patients who had KOLA among 147 patients operated for CDD over a 5-year period. Seven of these 18 patients also received surgery for their KOLA. As new, surgical treatment of kyphotic level was performed with plating and without bony fusion in 5 patients. Clinical outcomes (according to Odom's criteria) and kyphotic corrections of KOLA patients receiving and not receiving surgery for their kyphosis during were compared. The 7 KOLA patients having surgery to correct the kyphosis had a mean 20.14+/-3.13 degrees correction in their kyphosis (from mean 12.85 to -7.28 degrees), whereas the 11 patients undergoing surgery only for CDD showed only a mean 3.00+/-2.52 degrees correction (from mean 7.45 to 4.45 degrees). When kyphotic corrections were compared, statistically significant difference was found between 2 groups (P<0.01). Clinical outcome scores showed a trend towards improvement in the patients operated upon for kyphosis correction. KOLA may be a factor in the development of cervical disc herniation and spondylosis, and should be treated if more than 11 degrees. In cervical region, upper adjacent level disease may be an extension of KOLA. Larger studies can further define the relationship between KOLA and CDD, and indications for surgical correction of KOLA.

Lumbar intraradicular disc herniation: report of a rare and preoperatively unpredictable case and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Intraradicular lumbar disc herniation is rare, having been reported to date in only three postoperative patients. The diagnosis is typically made intraoperatively. PURPOSE: To report a fourth case of intraradicular disc herniation, to emphasize its radiological characteristics and operative findings. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. PATIENT SAMPLE: A 41-year-old female. METHODS: Retrospective case review. RESULTS: The patient underwent a second operation and intraradicular disc fragment was removed. She was completely well at her 9-month check up. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis, mechanism, and surgical treatment of intraradicular lumbar disc herniation are reviewed. The round shape of the sequestrated fragment, as seen on magnetic resonance imaging, may help to establish the correct diagnosis.

[Surgical treatment in non-small cell lung cancer invading to the chest wall (T3) and vertebra (T4)]. / Gögüs duvari (T3) ve vertebra (T4) tutulumu olan küçük hücreli disi akciger kanseri olgularinda cerrahi tedavi.

The involvement of the chest wall (T3) or the vertebra (T4) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is seen at a ratio between 3-8% in patient's undergone surgery. The most important factors affecting the survival in both T3 and T4 tumors are the absence of lymph node invasion and a complete resection application. Amount of 162 cases were subjected to operation due to NSCLC between January 2004-July 2006. Examined retrospectively, these cases were determined to be chest wall invasion in 12 (7.4%) cases and vertebra invasion in 4 (2.5%) cases. T3 and T4 tumors with N0 lymph nodules were removed during operation. En block resection was applied to three cases with chest wall invasion and extrapleural resection was applied to nine cases. All the cases with vertebra invasion were subjected to en block resection and instrumentation. While left lower lobectomy with posterolateral thoracotomy was applied to one case following hemicorpectomy and instrumentation under posterior approach, lung resection following hemicorpectomy and instrumentation with a posterolateral thoracotomy approach were applied to two cases. However, chest wall resection without instrumentation was applied to one case following partial corpectomy. The patients underwent a complete resection and having no lymph node invasion show a long lasting survival with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy preoperatively and/or postoperatively.

Temporary anterior cervical plating in a child with traumatic cervical ligamentous instability.

Application of anterior cervical plates in children is problematic because of the growing spine, and thus has been reported only rarely in the medical literature. In this case report, a 7-year-old with traumatic C(2-3) and C(3-4) ligamentous instability was treated surgically by limited-duration anterior cervical plating. The plate was removed in a second operation, as the osseous union occurred 1 year after the primary operation. Limited-duration anterior cervical plating is an alternative for stabilization operations of the growing cervical spine in children.

Histopathologic effects of discitis on neural tissues: an experimental study.

To determine the cause of neurologic symptoms and signs seen in discitis, the neural histopathologic effects of discitis were investigated in an experimental study carried out on rats. Groups of seven rats each had their intervertebral discs inoculated with either Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or a control solution. Histopathologic examinations of the spinal cord and nerve roots were performed after 3 weeks. On histopathologic examination, vacuolar myelopathy in the spinal cord and vacuolar neuropathy within the nerve roots near the junction with the spinal cord were found. The severity and form of vacuolar myelopathy varied according to the bacteria used for inoculation. The myelopathy and neuropathy seen in this rat model of bacterial discitis might be the result of an immunologic mechanism and could be responsible for the neurologic signs and symptoms of discitis in patients.