ABSTRACT
H2S gas when exposed to metal can be responsible for both general and localized corrosion, which depend on several parameters such as H2S concentration and the corrosion product layer formed. Therefore, the formation of passive film on 316L steel when exposed to H2S environment was investigated using several analysis methods such as FESEM and STEM/EDS analyses, which identified a sulfur species underneath the porous structure of the passive film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the first layer of CrO3 and Cr2O3 was dissolved, accelerated by the presence of H2S-Cl-. An FeS2 layer was formed by incorporation of Fe and sulfide; then, passivation by Mo took place by forming a MoO2 layer. NiO, Ni(OH)2, and NiS barriers are formed as final protection for 316L steel. Therefore, Ni and Mo play an important role as a dual barrier to maintain the stability of 316L steel in high pH2S environments. For safety concern, this paper is aimed to point out a few challenges dealing with high partial pressure of H2S and limitation of 316L steel under highly sour condition for the oil and gas production system.
ABSTRACT
The serotonin 3 (5-HT3) receptor is a ligand gated ion channel unlike the other 5-HT receptors which are G protein coupled receptors. The functional 5-HT3 receptor forms a pentamer of five symmetrically arranged subunits surrounding a central pore. The 5-HT(3A) subunit was first identified at a molecular level and can form functional homomers or heteromers with the 5-HT(3B) subunit. Recently, three new 5-HT3 subunits have been discovered and these can also form functional heteromers with the 5-HT(3A) subunit. In addition, splice variants of the 5-HT3 subunits have also been reported. These findings have markedly increased the complexity of the 5-HT3 receptor and may form part of the explanation of unresolved differences between studies investigating 5-HT3 receptor function in cell lines compared with native tissues. In this review we discuss the properties of the different subunits and their distribution to determine if they contribute to functional changes in the 5-HT3 receptor. Several recent pharmacogenomic studies have revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other variations in the different 5-HT3 receptor subunits that are associated with various clinical conditions. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to drug design and tailored pharmacogenomic therapies.
