Unravelling the molecular mechanism underlying drought stress tolerance in Dinanath (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) grass via integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses.

Dinanath grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.) is an extensively grown forage grass known for its significant drought resilience. In order to comprehensively grasp the adaptive mechanism of Dinanath grass in response to water deficient conditions, transcriptomic and metabolomics were applied in the leaves of Dinanath grass exposed to two distinct drought intensities (48-hour and 96-hour). Transcriptomic analysis of Dinanath grass leaves revealed that a total of 218 and 704 genes were differentially expressed under 48- and 96-hour drought conditions, respectively. The genes that were expressed differently (DEGs) and the metabolites that accumulated in response to 48-hour drought stress mainly showed enrichment in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. Conversely, under 96-hour drought conditions, the enriched pathways predominantly involved lipid metabolism, specifically sterol lipids. In particular, phenylpropanoid pathway and brassinosteroid signaling played a crucial role in drought response to 48- and 96-hour water deficit conditions, respectively. This variation in drought response indicates that the adaptation mechanism in Dinanath grass is highly dependent on the intensity of drought stress. In addition, different genes associated with phenylpropanoid and fatty acid biosynthesis, as well as signal transduction pathways namely phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 2, syntaxin-61, lipoxygenase 5, calcium-dependent protein kinase and phospholipase D alpha one, positively regulated with drought tolerance. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses highlights the outstanding involvement of regulatory pathways related to secondary cell wall thickening and lignin biosynthesis in imparting drought tolerance to Dinanath grass leaves. These findings collectively contribute to an enhanced understanding of candidate genes and key metabolites relevant to drought response in Dinanath grass. Furthermore, they establish a groundwork for the creation of a transcriptome database aimed at developing abiotic stress-tolerant grasses and major crop varieties through both transgenic and genome editing approaches.

Elevated temperature-driven coordinative reconstruction of an unsaturated single-Ni-atom structure with low valency on a polymer-derived matrix for the electrolytic oxygen evolution reaction.

A high-temperature pyrolysis-controlled coordination reconstruction resulted in a single-Ni-atom structure with a Ni-Nx-C structural unit (x = N atom coordinated to Ni). Pyrolysis of Ni-phen@ZIF-8-RF at 700 °C resulted in NiNP-NC-700 with predominantly Ni nanoparticles. Upon elevating the pyrolysis temperature from 700 to 900 °C, a coordination reconstruction offers Ni-Nx atomic sites in NiSA-NC-900. A combined investigation with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and soft X-ray L3-edge spectroscopy suggests the stabilization of low-valent Niδ+ (0 < δ < 2) in the Ni-N-C structural units. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key process during water splitting in fuel cells. However, OER is a thermodynamically uphill reaction with multi-step proton-coupled electron transfer and sluggish kinetics, due to which there is a need for a catalyst that can lower the OER overpotentials. The adsorption energy of a multi-step reaction on a single metal atom with coordination unsaturation tunes the adsorption of each oxygenated intermediate. The promising OER activity of the NiSA-NC-900/NF anode on nickel foam was followed by the overall water splitting (OWS) using using NiSA-NC-900/NF as anode and Pt coil as the cathodic counterpart, wherein a cell potential of 1.75 V at 10 mA cm-2 was achieved. The cell potential recorded with Pt(-)/(+)NiSA-NC-900/NF was much lower than that obtained for other cells, i.e., Pt(-)/NF and NF(-)/(+)NF, which enhances the potentials of low-valent NiSAs for insightful understanding of the OER. At a constant applied potential of 1.61 V (vs. RHE) for 12 h, an small increase in current for initial 0.6 h followed by a constant current depicts the fair stability of catalyst for 12 h. Our results offer an insightful angle into the OER with a coordinatively reconstructed single-Ni-atom structure at lower valency (<+2).

A versatile beamline for soft x-ray reflectivity, absorption, and fluorescence measurements at Indus-2 synchrotron source.

A versatile beamline for performing reflectivity, fluorescence, and absorption experiments in the soft x-ray region of 100-1500 eV is commissioned on a bending magnet port of the Indus-2 synchrotron source. A high vacuum 2-axis reflectometer with x, y, and z sample scanning stages is installed. This reflectometer is used to measure the reflectivity of large samples up to 300 mm in length and 5 kg in weight. This feature is useful for characterizing x-ray optical elements, such as mirrors, gratings, and multilayers. A flange mounted silicon drift detector is installed in the downstream of the reflectometer for soft x-ray fluorescence measurements. The soft x-ray absorption measurements are carried out in the total electron yield and partial fluorescence yield modes. Integration of three different experimental techniques in the experimental station makes the beamline versatile for materials science applications as it provides structural, chemical, and electronic state information by performing the required experiments in an identical environment. The beamline uses a varied line spacing plane grating monochromator and gives a high flux (∼109 to 1011 photon/s) with a moderate resolution (λ/Δλ ~1000-5000). A three-mirror-based higher harmonic setup is incorporated to get rid of harmonics and to get a high spectral purity monochromatic beam with less than 0.1% harmonic content. In the present article, the beamline optical scheme, mechanical configuration, and details of the experimental setups are presented, along with a few representative results of each experimental mode.

Sex and blood group determination from hair using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics.

Examination of hair with its intact root is commonly used for DNA profiling of the donor. However, its use for gathering other types of information is less explored. Using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the present study aims to explore other relevant aspects in a non-destructive manner for forensics. Determining the sex and blood group of human hair samples were the major goals of the study. Sex determination was accomplished by analyzing the differential vibrational intensities and stretching of various chemical groups associated with hair and its proteins. Statistical inference of spectral data was performed using chemometric algorithms such as PCA and PLS-DA. The PLS-DA model determined sex with 100% accuracy and blood grouping with an average accuracy of 95%. The present study is the first of its kind to determine sex and blood grouping from human scalp hair shafts, as far as the author knows. By acting as a preliminary screening test, this study could have significant implications for forensic analysis of crime scene samples. Human and synthetic hair were used in validation studies, resulting in 100% accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity, with 0% false positives and false negatives. The technique ATR FTIR spectroscopy could complement the currently used methods of hair analysis such as physical examination and mitochondrial or genomic DNA analysis.

Purple urine bag syndrome: An unusual manifestation of urinary tract infection, our experience at a tertiary care center.

Background: Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is an unusual condition in which a purple discoloration of urine and bag occurs in people with urinary catheters. People with purple urine usually do not complain of any symptoms. The purple discoloration of the urine bag is often the only finding, frequently noted by caregivers. Materials and methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at our tertiary care institute from June 2018 to May 2020. A total of 46 patients with PUBS were included in this study. The objective of our study was to record the prevalence of each predisposing factor and to correlate the pathological mechanism through which the PUBS is manifested. Results: The mean age of PUBS patients was 67.4years and 67.4% were males. Most patients of PUBS (60.9%) had a urethral catheter, while there was percutaneous nephrostomy in 26.1% patients and 13% patients had a percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy catheter. Among the patients, 69.65% were bedridden or in an institutionalized situation, 73.9% were suffering from chronic constipation, 21.7% were associated with dementia, and 47.8% were cerebrovascular accidents with hemiparesis patients. In addition, 93.5% of patients presented with alkaline urine and 3 patients with acidic urine. The most common bacteria isolated in urine culture were E coli and Pseudomonas. Conclusions: Urinary catheter associated urinary tract infection and PUBS is most commonly documented in females, but our study showed that it is more common in males. The appearance of a purple bag does not depend on the material and type of the catheter or the catheterization method. In addition, no correlation was found between the microorganisms isolated from the environment and patients' urine.

Boron carbide thin film surface characterization after graphitic carbon removal using low-pressure oxygen gas RF plasma.

B 4 C-coated thin film mirrors are used in high brilliance synchrotron and x-ray free electron laser beamlines due to their low absorption coefficient and high thermal stability. As in the case of gold, platinum, and other thin film mirrors, B 4 C-coated mirrors also are affected due to synchrotron radiation-induced carbon contaminations in beamlines. In the present study, a graphitic carbon (C) layer deposited on top of boron carbide (B x C) thin film surface is removed by five successive oxygen radio frequency (RF) plasma exposures (RF power, 10 W; O 2 flow, 30 sccm; exposure time, 10 min each). Before and after the carbon layer removal, structural and compositional properties of the B x C/C bilayer are characterized by soft x-ray reflectivity, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, grazing angle x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Characterization results reveal that in the first four exposures the carbon layer thickness decreases continuously without affecting the B x C layer properties; however, in the fifth exposure, the carbon layer is completely removed along with a partial etching of the B x C layer too.

Study of interface reaction in a B4C/Cr mirror at elevated temperature using soft X-ray reflectivity.

Boron carbide is a prominent material for high-brilliance synchrotron optics as it remains stable up to very high temperatures. The present study shows a significant change taking place at 550°C in the buried interface region formed between the Cr adhesive layer and the native oxide layer present on the silicon substrate. An in situ annealing study is carried out at the Indus-1 Reflectivity beamline from room temperature to 550°C (100°C steps). The studied sample is a mirror-like boron carbide thin film of 400 Šthickness deposited with an adhesive layer of 20 ŠCr on a silicon substrate. The corresponding changes in the film structure are recorded using angle-dependent soft X-ray reflectivity measurements carried out in the region of the boron K-edge after each annealing temperature. Analyses performed using the Parratt recursive formalism reveal that the top boron carbide layer remains intact but interface reactions take place in the buried Cr-SiO2 region. After 300°C the Cr layer diffuses towards the substrate. At higher temperatures of 500°C and 550°C the Cr reacts with the native oxide layer and tends to form a low-density compound of chromium oxysilicide (CrSiOx). Depth profiling of Si and Cr distributions obtained from secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements corroborate the layer model obtained from the soft X-ray reflectivity analyses. Details of the interface reaction taking place near the substrate region of boron carbide/Cr sample are discussed.

Single-dose instillation of povidone iodine for chyluria: A safe and effective therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Management of chyluria with initial conservative approach and then using endoscopic sclerotherapy is a mainstay approach. However, a wide range of sclerosants are available with differential success rates and complication rates. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a single-dose instillation of 1% povidone iodine for the treatment of chyluria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, observational study conducted on patients with chyluria who did not respond to conservative management with dietary restriction and diethylcarbamazine. The site of chyle efflux was identified by cystoscopy. A 6 Fr ureteral stent was inserted into effluxing side, diluted contrast was injected to delineate the pelvicalyceal system and the pyelolymphatic connection (arborization of the pelvicalyceal system), and a single-dose of 1% povidone iodine was instilled. Patients were observed for loin pain, fever, and disappearance of milky urine postinstillation and followed up at intervals of 3 months for a total duration of 1 year. RESULTS: Of a total 50 patients included, 35 were men and 15 were women, with a mean age of 37 years. Pyelolymphatic connections were noted in 48% of the patients. All patients showed an immediate disappearance of milky urine. During 1-year follow-up, 92% of the patients were symptom-free till the last follow-up while only 8% of the patients experienced recurrence of chyluria which were treated with other treatment modalities. The mean duration of recurrence was 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: Single dose of 1% povidone iodine was effective in immediate clearance of milky urine and well tolerated in patients with chyluria during 1-year follow-up.

Analysis of some commonly found inhalants using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS) - Effect of substrates on the identification of inhalants.

Inhalant abuse is a serious and ever-evolving problem for our society. Inhalants are abused more commonly by teenagers and adolescents. Inhalants such as glue, paint thinners, correction fluid, and nail paint remover are easily available in the market which makes them readily abused. Out of various methods of abuse, huffing (placing a piece of cloth soaked with inhalant is placed in the mouth), bagging (placing head in a polythene bag containing inhalant), and ballooning (balloons filled with inhalant are used for inhaling vapors through the mouth) are most common. Inhalant abuse results in multiple target organ dysfunction with neuritis and brain damage due to the dissolution of the myelin sheath. In acute poisoning cases, it might cause death due to asphyxia and sudden sniffing syndrome. In such cases, various articles containing traces of inhalants could be retrieved from the scene of incidence and to detect these traces become an important facet of the investigation. However, it might be difficult due to the rapid evaporation of inhalants and the formation of reaction product species. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of three substrates (balloon, cloth, polythene) on component profiles of four paint thinners and four nail paint removers. The study suggests that although some components are retained, there is the formation of a large number of reaction product species and these must be taken into consideration before furnishing the opinion. These reaction product species might also be inhalant specific which must be further explored.

Influence of spin orbit splitting and satellite transitions on nickel soft X-ray optical properties near its L2,3 absorption edge region.

Transition elements exhibit strong correlations and configuration interactions between core and valence excited states, which give rise to different excitations inside materials. Nickel exhibits satellite features in its emission and absorption spectra. Effects of such transitions on the optical constants of nickel have not been reported earlier and the available database of Henke et al. does not represent such fine features. In this study, the optical behaviour of ion beam sputter deposited Ni thin film near the L2,3-edge region is investigated using reflection spectroscopy techniques, and distinct signatures of various transitions are observed. The soft X-ray reflectivity measurements in the 500-1500 eV photon energy region are performed using the soft X-ray reflectivity beamline at the Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source. Kramers-Kronig analysis of the measured reflectivity data exhibit features corresponding to spin orbital splitting and satellite transitions in the real and imaginary part of the refractive index (refraction and absorption spectra). Details of fine features observed in the optical spectra are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting fine features in the measured optical spectra of Ni near its L2,3-edge region.

Refurbishment of an Au-coated toroidal mirror by capacitively coupled RF plasma discharge.

Deposition of synchrotron-radiation-induced carbon contamination on beamline optics causes their performance to deteriorate, especially near the carbon K edge. The photon flux losses due to carbon contamination have spurred researchers to search for a suitable decontamination technique to restore the optical surface and retain its performance. Several in situ and ex situ refurbishing strategies for beamline optics are still under development to solve this serious issue. In this work, the carbon contamination is removed from a large (340 mm × 60 mm) Au-coated toroidal mirror surface using a capacitively coupled low-pressure RF plasma. Before and after RF plasma cleaning, the mirror was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, soft X-ray reflectivity (SXR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The Raman spectra of the contaminated mirror clearly show the G (1575-1590 cm-1) and D (1362-1380 cm-1) bands of graphitic carbon. The SXR curve of the contaminated mirror shows a clear dip near the critical momentum transfer of carbon, indicating the presence of carbon contamination on the mirror surface. This dip disappears after removal of the contamination layer by RF plasma exposure. A decrease in the intensities of the CO bands is also observed by optical emission spectrometry during plasma exposure. The AFM and SXR results suggest that the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) roughness of the mirror surface does not increase after plasma exposure.

Classification of illicit liquors based on their geographic origin using Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) - Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and chemometrics.

In recent decades vibrational spectroscopy especially infrared (IR) spectroscopy has emerged as a fast, sensitive, and reliable technique in classifying alcoholic beverages based on geographic origin. However, Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) - Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has not been used in many studies. In the present study, an attempt has been made to classify 75 samples of illicit liquor from different regions of India based on their geographical origin. The samples were scanned in the MIR range of 600-3000cm-1. It was observed that while using PCA 76% accuracy was obtained and while using LDA 93% accuracy was obtained. The samples of Delhi, Mansa, Patiala, Pathankot, and Fatehgarh Sahib show 100% classification with LDA whereas the samples from Ferozpur and Gurdaspur showed a 75% correct classification. These results point out toward the potential applicability of ATR-FTIR for the classification of alcoholic beverages based on the geographic origin.

Ethical issues across different fields of forensic science.

Many commentators have acknowledged the fact that the usual courtroom maxim to "tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth" is not so easy to apply in practicality. In any given situation, what does the whole truth include? In case, the whole truth includes all the possible alternatives for a given situation, what should a forensic expert witness do when an important question is not asked by the prosecutor? Does the obligation to tell the whole truth mean that all possible, all probable, all reasonably probable, all highly probable, or only the most probable alternatives must be given in response to a question? In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various ethical issues in different fields of forensic science, forensic psychology, and forensic DNA databases. Some of the ethical issues are common to all fields whereas some are field specific. These ethical issues are mandatory for ensuring high levels of reliability and credibility of forensic scientists.

Analysis of Illicit Liquor by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS): A Preliminary Study.

Illicit liquors are illegally manufactured to evade taxes and represent the majority of unrecorded liquors in developing countries. Because there are no standards, the composition of illicit liquors varies greatly from sample to sample. In the current study, we analyzed the volatile components of 27 different illicit liquors via samples collected from various locations in the northern region of India. Ethanol content varied drastically and methanol was not present in any of the samples. The components found can be categorized into different groups, namely alcohols, esters, acids, nitrogen-containing components, ketones, and aldehydes. Some components-such as 1-propanol; 1-pentanol; 1-butanol; d-limonene; phenylethyl alcohols; anethole; and decanoic, octanoic, and pentanoic acids-were frequently encountered.

Explicit analytical tuning rules for digital PID controllers via the magnitude optimum criterion.

Analytical tuning rules for digital PID type-I controllers are presented regardless of the process complexity. This explicit solution allows control engineers 1) to make an accurate examination of the effect of the controller's sampling time to the control loop's performance both in the time and frequency domain 2) to decide when the control has to be I, PI and when the derivative, D, term has to be added or omitted 3) apply this control action to a series of stable benchmark processes regardless of their complexity. The former advantages are considered critical in industry applications, since 1) most of the times the choice of the digital controller's sampling time is based on heuristics and past criteria, 2) there is little a-priori knowledge of the controlled process making the choice of the type of the controller a trial and error exercise 3) model parameters change often depending on the control loop's operating point making in this way, the problem of retuning the controller's parameter a much challenging issue. Basis of the proposed control law is the principle of the PID tuning via the Magnitude Optimum criterion. The final control law involves the controller's sampling time Ts within the explicit solution of the controller's parameters. Finally, the potential of the proposed method is justified by comparing its performance with the conventional PID tuning when controlling the same process. Further investigation regarding the choice of the controller's sampling time Ts is also presented and useful conclusions for control engineers are derived.

Towards enhancing the performance of multi-parameter patient monitors.

Multi-parameter patient monitors (MPMs) have become increasingly important in providing quality healthcare to patients. It is well known in the medical community that there exists an intrinsic relationship between different vital parameters in a healthy person, these include heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate and oxygen saturation. For example, an increase in blood pressure would lead to a decrease in the heart rate, and vice versa. Although it is likely to improve the performance of MPM systems, this fact is not explored in engineering research. In this work, experiments show that deriving additional features to capture the intrinsic relationship between the vital parameters, the alarm accuracy (sensitivity), no-alarm accuracy (specificity) and the overall performance of MPMs can be improved. The geometric mean of the product of all the vital parameters taken in pairs of two was used to capture the intrinsic relationship between the different parameters. An improvement of 10.55% for sensitivity, 0.32% for specificity and an overall performance improvement of 1.03% was obtained, compared to the baseline system using classification and regression tree with the four vital parameters.

Comparative evaluation of intragastric bile acids and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of a combination of intragastric bile acids and hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the detection of duodenogastric reflux (DGR). METHODS: The study contained 99 patients with DGR and 70 healthy volunteers who made up the control group. The diagnosis was based on the combination of several objective arguments: a long history of gastric symptoms (i.e., nausea, epigastric pain, and/or bilious vomiting) poorly responsive to medical treatment, gastroesophageal reflux symptoms unresponsive to proton-pump inhibitors, gastritis on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and/or at histology, presence of a bilious gastric lake at > 1 upper GI endoscopy, pathologic 24-h intragastric bile monitoring with the Bilitec device. Gastric juice was aspirated in the GI endoscopy and total bile acid (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) were tested in the clinical laboratory. Continuous data of gastric juice were compared between each group using the independent-samples Mann-Whitney U-test and their relationship was analysed by Spearman's rank correlation test and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. Histopathology of DGR patients and 23 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis was compared by clinical pathologists. Using the Independent-samples Mann-Whitney U-test, DGR index (DGRi) was calculated in 28 patients of DGR group and 19 persons of control group who were subjected to hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Receiver operating characteristic curve was made to determine the sensitivity and specificity of these two methods in the diagnosis of DGR. RESULTS: The group of patients with DGR showed a statistically higher prevalence of epigastric pain in comparison with control group. There was no significant difference between the histology of gastric mucosa with atrophic gastritis and duodenogastric reflux. The bile acid levels of DGR patients were significantly higher than the control values (Z: TBA: -8.916, DBIL: -3.914, TBIL: -6.197, all P < 0.001). Two of three in the DGR group have a significantly associated with each other (r: TBA/DBIL: 0.362, TBA/TBIL: 0.470, DBIL/TBIL: 0.737, all P < 0.001). The Fisher's discriminant function is followed: Con: Y = 0.002TBA + 0.048DBIL + 0.032TBIL - 0.986; Reflux: Y = 0.012TBA + 0.076DBIL + 0.089TBIL - 2.614. Eighty-four point zero five percent of original grouped cases were correctly classified by this method. With respect to the DGR group, DGRi were higher than those in the control group with statistically significant differences (Z = -5.224, P < 0.001). Twenty eight patients (59.6%) were deemed to be duodenogastric reflux positive by endoscopy, as compared to 37 patients (78.7%) by hepatobiliary scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: The integrated use of intragastric bile acid examination and scintigraphy can greatly improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of DGR.

IL-25 downregulates Th1/Th17 immune response in an IL-10-dependent manner in inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 25 (IL-25) is involved in the initiation of T helper cell (Th)2-mediated immunopathologies. In this study, we investigated the expression of IL-25 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its role in the induction of CD4 T-cell differentiation. METHODS: Expression of IL-25 in inflamed mucosa of patients with IBD was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation of IL-25 expression with endoscopic disease activities and C-reactive protein was evaluated. Peripheral blood and lamina propria CD4 T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of IL-25. Transcription factors and cytokines were determined with real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: IL-25 was significantly decreased in the sera and inflamed mucosa of patients with active IBD compared with controls. It was upregulated in the sera of patients with Crohn's disease after treatment with infliximab. The levels of IL-25 in inflamed mucosa and sera were inversely correlated with endoscopic disease activities and C-reactive protein, respectively, in IBD. IL-25 could markedly inhibit IBD CD4 T cells to produce tumor necrosis factor, interferon γ, and IL-17A but promote IL-10 secretion. It suppressed the differentiation of IBD CD4 T cells into Th1 and Th17 cells but did not interfere with Th2 cell differentiation. Importantly, blockade of IL-10 secretion by IBD CD4 T cells markedly attenuated the inhibitory role of IL-25 in modulating both Th1 and Th17 immune responses. CONCLUSIONS: IL-25 is markedly decreased in IBD and inhibits IBD CD4 T-cell activation and differentiation into Th1/Th17 cells in an IL-10-dependent manner, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic agent for IBD.