Evolutionary patterns of variations in chromosome counts and genome sizes show positive correlations with taxonomic diversity in tropical gingers.

PREMISE: Cytogenetic traits such as an organism's chromosome number and genome size are taxonomically critical as they are instrumental in defining angiosperm diversity. Variations in these traits can be traced to evolutionary processes such as polyploidization, although geographic variations across cytogenetic traits remain underexplored. In the pantropical monocot family Zingiberaceae (~1500 species), cytogenetic traits have been well documented; however, the role of these traits in shaping taxonomic diversity and biogeographic patterns of gingers is not known. METHODS: A time-calibrated Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed for 290 taxa covering three of the four subfamilies in Zingiberaceae. We tested models of chromosome number and genome size evolution within the family and whether lineage age, taxonomic diversity, and distributional range explain the variations in the cytogenetic traits. Tests were carried out at two taxonomic ranks: within Zingiberaceae and within genus Hedychium using correlations, generalized linear models and phylogenetic least square models. RESULTS: The most frequent changes in chromosome number within Zingiberaceae were noted to be demi-polyploidization and polyploidization (~57% of the time), followed by ascending dysploidy (~27%). The subfamily Zingiberoideae showed descending dysploidy at its base, while Alpinioideae showed polyploidization at its internal nodes. Although chromosome counts and genome sizes did not corroborate with each other, suggesting that they are not equivalent; higher chromosome number variations and higher genome size variations were associated with higher taxonomic diversity and wider biogeographic distribution. CONCLUSIONS: Within Zingiberaceae, multiple incidences of polyploidization were discovered, and cytogenetic events appear to have reduced the genome sizes and increased taxonomic diversity, distributional ranges and invasiveness.

The synergistic immunotherapeutic impact of engineered CAR-T cells with PD-1 blockade in lymphomas and solid tumors: a systematic review.

Currently, therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor-T Cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockers are showing promising results for numerous cancer patients. However, significant advancements are required before CAR-T therapies become readily available as off-the-shelf treatments, particularly for solid tumors and lymphomas. In this review, we have systematically analyzed the combination therapy involving engineered CAR-T cells and anti PD-1 agents. This approach aims at overcoming the limitations of current treatments and offers potential advantages such as enhanced tumor inhibition, alleviated T-cell exhaustion, heightened T-cell activation, and minimized toxicity. The integration of CAR-T therapy, which targets tumor-associated antigens, with PD-1 blockade augments T-cell function and mitigates immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. To assess the impact of combination therapy on various tumors and lymphomas, we categorized them based on six major tumor-associated antigens: mesothelin, disialoganglioside GD-2, CD-19, CD-22, CD-133, and CD-30, which are present in different tumor types. We evaluated the efficacy, complete and partial responses, and progression-free survival in both pre-clinical and clinical models. Additionally, we discussed potential implications, including the feasibility of combination immunotherapies, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to optimize treatment strategies and improve outcomes for cancer patients. Overall, we believe combining CAR-T therapy with PD-1 blockade holds promise for the next generation of cancer immunotherapy.

Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Catheter Ablation.

BACKGROUND: Relationship between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) use prior to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and subsequent AF recurrence is not well-understood. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of GLP-1 RA use within 1 year before ablation and its association with AF recurrence and associated outcomes. METHODS: The TriNetX research database was used to identify patients aged ≥18 years undergoing AF ablation (2014-2023). Patients were categorized into 2 groups, and propensity score matching (1:1) between preablation GLP-1 RA users and nonusers was performed based on demographics, comorbidities, body mass index, laboratory tests, AF subtype, and medications. Primary outcome was composite of cardioversion, new antiarrhythmic drug therapy, or repeat AF ablation after a 3-month blanking period following the index ablation. Additional outcomes included ischemic stroke, all-cause hospitalization, and mortality during 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: After 1:1 propensity score matching, the study cohort comprised 1,625 GLP-1 RA users and 1,625 matched GLP-1 RA nonusers. Preablation GLP-1 RA therapy was not associated with a lower risk of cardioversion, new AAD therapy, and repeat AF ablation after the index procedure (HR: 1.04 [95% CI: 0.92-1.19]; log-rank P = 0.51). Furthermore, the risk of ischemic stroke, all-cause hospitalization, and mortality during the 12-month follow-up period did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that preprocedural use of GLP-1 RAs is not associated with a reduced risk of AF recurrence or associated adverse outcomes following ablation, and underscore the need for future research to determine whether these agents improve outcome in AF patients.

Role of HOX genes in cancer progression and their therapeutical aspects.

HOX genes constitute a family of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play pivotal roles in embryonic development, tissue patterning, and cell differentiation. These genes are essential for the precise spatial and temporal control of body axis formation in vertebrates. In addition to their developmental functions, HOX genes have garnered significant attention for their involvement in various diseases, including cancer. Deregulation of HOX gene expression has been observed in numerous malignancies, where they can influence tumorigenesis, progression, and therapeutic responses. This review provides an overview of the diverse roles of HOX genes in development, disease, and potential therapeutic targets, highlighting their significance in understanding biological processes and their potential clinical implications.

Unraveling the Role of Deep Eutectic Solvents with Varying Hydrogen-Bond Acceptors on the Thermoresponsive Polymer Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising tools for crafting polymeric materials across diverse domains. This study delves into the impact of a series of DESs on the phase behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in aqueous environments, presenting compelling insights into their performance. Specifically, we explore the conformational phase behavior of PNIPAM in the presence of four distinct lactic acid (LA)-based DESs: LA-betaine (LA-BET), LA-proline (LA-PRO), LA-choline chloride (LA-CC), and LA-urea (LA-U). By maintaining a consistent hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) while varying the hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), we unravel how different DES compositions modulate the phase transition behavior of PNIPAM. Our findings underscore the profound influence of DESs comprising LA as the HBD and diverse HBAs-BET, PRO, CC, and U on the thermoresponsive behavior of PNIPAM. Employing spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we elucidate the preferential interactions between the HBA groups within DESs and the hydration layer of PNIPAM. Notably, temperature-dependent DLS analyses reveal a discernible decrease in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM with increasing DES concentration, ultimately disrupting the hydrogen-bond interactions and resulting in early hydrophobic collapse of the polymer, which can be clearly seen in the TEM micrographs. Furthermore, the formation of polymer composites within the mixed system leads to notable alterations in the physiochemical properties of PNIPAM, as evidenced by shifts in its LCST value in the presence of DESs. This perturbation disrupts hydrogen-bond interactions, inducing hydrophobic collapse of the polymers, a phenomenon vividly captured in TEM micrographs. In essence, our study sheds new light on the pivotal role of varying HBA groups within DESs in modulating the conformational transitions of PNIPAM. These insights not only enrich our fundamental understanding but also hold immense promise for the development of smart polymeric systems with multifaceted applications spanning bioimaging, biomedical science, polymer science, and beyond.

Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines BBV152 (COVAXIN®) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD™) in seronegative and seropositive individuals in India: a multicentre, nonrandomised observational study.

Background: There are limited global data on head-to-head comparisons of vaccine platforms assessing both humoral and cellular immune responses, stratified by pre-vaccination serostatus. The COVID-19 vaccination drive for the Indian population in the age group 18-45 years began in April 2021 when seropositivity rates in the general population were rising due to the delta wave of COVID-19 pandemic during April-May 2021. Methods: Between June 30, 2021, and Jan 28, 2022, we enrolled 691 participants in the age group 18-45 years across four clinical sites in India. In this non-randomised and laboratory blinded study, participants received either two doses of Covaxin® (4 weeks apart) or two doses of Covishield™ (12 weeks apart) as per the national vaccination policy. The primary outcome was the seroconversion rate and the geometric mean titre (GMT) of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins post two doses. The secondary outcome was the frequency of cellular immune responses pre- and post-vaccination. Findings: When compared to pre-vaccination baseline, both vaccines elicited statistically significant seroconversion and binding antibody levels in both seronegative and seropositive individuals. In the per-protocol cohort, Covishield™ elicited higher antibody responses than Covaxin® as measured by seroconversion rate (98.3% vs 74.4%, p < 0.0001 in seronegative individuals; 91.7% vs 66.9%, p < 0.0001 in seropositive individuals) as well as by anti-spike antibody levels against the ancestral strain (GMT 1272.1 vs 75.4 binding antibody units/ml [BAU/ml], p < 0.0001 in seronegative individuals; 2089.07 vs 585.7 BAU/ml, p < 0.0001 in seropositive individuals). As participants at all clinical sites were not recruited at the same time, site-specific immunogenicity was impacted by the timing of vaccination relative to the delta and omicron waves. Surrogate neutralising antibody responses against variants-of-concern including delta and omicron was higher in Covishield™ recipients than in Covaxin® recipients; and in seropositive than in seronegative individuals after both vaccination and asymptomatic infection (omicron variant). T cell responses are reported from only one of the four site cohorts where the vaccination schedule preceded the omicron wave. In seronegative individuals, Covishield™ elicited both CD4+ and CD8+ spike-specific cytokine-producing T cells whereas Covaxin® elicited mainly CD4+ spike-specific T cells. Neither vaccine showed significant post-vaccination expansion of spike-specific T cells in seropositive individuals. Interpretation: Covishield™ elicited immune responses of higher magnitude and breadth than Covaxin® in both seronegative individuals and seropositive individuals, across cohorts representing the pre-vaccination immune history of most of the vaccinated Indian population. Funding: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) funding from Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) and Unilever India Pvt. Ltd. (UIPL).

Awareness data on cervical cancer among females of rural and urban areas of Haryana, India.

A cross-sectional study was done to assess the degree of current awareness and behaviors about cervical cancer among females in urban and rural areas of North India. This survey was conducted on one thousand females (500 rural and 500 urban). A well-structured questionnaire was designed to collect information about participants' knowledge on cancer of cervix uteri such as age, height and weight measurements, marital status, menstrual status, personal hygiene, age at menarche, sexual history, pregnancy and abortion history, use of contraceptive pills for birth-control, smoking, alcohol consumption, and other relevant information. The data was collected by conducting face-to-face interviews after obtaining the verbal consent of the participants. The data has the potential to reduce disease burden by spreading awareness about symptoms and risk factors of cervical cancer as well as implementation of effective early screening strategies.

Long non-coding RNAs in cancer: multifaceted roles and potential targets for immunotherapy.

Cancer remains a major global health concern with high mortality rates mainly due to late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of gene expression in human cancer, functioning through various mechanisms including as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and indirectly regulating miRNA expression. LncRNAs have been found to have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in cancer, with the former promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and poor prognosis. Recent research has shown that lncRNAs are expressed in various immune cells and are involved in cancer cell immune escape and the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, thus highlighting their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. Targeting lncRNAs in cancer or immune cells could enhance the anti-tumor immune response and improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes. However, further research is required to fully understand the functional roles of lncRNAs in cancer and the immune system and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the multifaceted roles of lncRNAs in human cancers, with a focus on their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy. By exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated regulation of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and immune evasion, we provide insights into the diverse therapeutic applications of these molecules.

Antioxidant isolation and characterization from the plant Tradescantia spathacea Sw. of the Commelinaceae family.

A novel bioactive flavan glycoside was isolated by solvent extraction method with the help of Soxhlet apparatus from the methanolic extract of Tradescantia spathacea Sw. Flavan glycoside having molecular formula C20H22O10, melting point 175-1780C, molecular weight by ESI-MS m/z (M + H]+ 423, optical rotation was[α]21D-45.1(c 0.20 methanol). Its structure was determined (-)-epicatechin 7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside. Various color reactions, chemical degradation (like acid hydrolysis, permethylation, and enzymatic hydrolysis), UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to establish the structure of compound (-)-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside.. A flavan glycoside was also tested with a DPPH assay method for antioxidant activity by using Ascorbic acid as standard. DPPH radical scavenging test data demonstrate that a flavan glycoside possesses potent antioxidant activity so this flavan glycoside can be utilized as a potent antioxidant agent.

Pericarditis After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Predictors and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation is a mainstay of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment. Acute pericarditis after ablation is 1 of the frequently observed complications. There is a significant lack of data on the incidence and predictors of postablation pericarditis. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the incidence, characteristics, and predictors of pericarditis after AF ablation. METHODS: Patients undergoing AF ablation from January 1, 2016, to March 31, 2022, at Johns Hopkins were prospectively enrolled in an AF ablation registry. A clinical diagnosis of acute pericarditis was established in accordance with 2015 European Society of Cardiology guidelines by the presence of at least 2 of the following characteristics: pleuritic chest pain, friction rub, typical electrocardiographic changes, or pericardial effusion within 3 months after the ablation procedure. RESULTS: Of 1,540 patients who underwent AF ablation, 57 patients (3.7%) developed acute pericarditis. Baseline clinical characteristics including age, sex, and body mass index were comparable between the pericarditis and nonpericarditis groups. The median time to symptom onset was 1 day. Electrocardiographic changes were observed in 34 (59.6%) patients, pericardial effusion developed in 7 (12%) patients, and the mean duration of medical treatment was 7 days (25th-75th percentile: 3-14 days). Most pericarditis cases were treated medically with disease-specific nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (100%) and colchicine (81%). Effusion with tamponade necessitating pericardiocentesis was observed in 4 (7%) patients. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation was performed in 869 (58.6%) patients in the nonpericarditis group and 39 (68.4%) patients with pericarditis; cryoballoon ablation was performed in 486 (32.8%) patients in the nonpericarditis group and 11 (19.3%) patients with pericarditis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified RF ablation (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.07-4.08; P = 0.03) as an independent predictor of acute pericarditis after AF ablation, whereas age per unit increase was associated with a decreased risk (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95-0.995; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of acute pericarditis after catheter ablation in our study population was 3.7%. RF ablation and younger age were independent risk factors for postablation acute pericarditis.

Trends in Premature Mortality from Acute Myocardial Infarction in American Indians/Alaska Natives in the United States from 1999 to 2020.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) groups. They are disproportionately found to have a higher rate of premature myocardial infarction (MI). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research were queried to identify premature MI deaths (female <65 years and male <55 years) occurring within the United States between 1999 and 2020. We investigated proportionate mortality trends related to premature MI in AI/ANs stratified by gender. Deaths attributed to acute MI (AMI) were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes I21 to I22. We compared the proportional mortality rate because of premature MI with that of a non-AI/AN racial group, which comprised all other races (Blacks, Whites, and Asian/Pacific Islander populations). In AI/ANs, we analyzed a total of 14,055 AMI deaths, of which 3,211 were premature MI deaths corresponding to a proportionate mortality rate of 22.8% (male 20.8%, female 26.2%). The non-AI/AN population had a lower proportionate mortality of 14.8% (male 13.7%, female 16%), p <0.01). On trend analysis, there was no significant improvement over time in the proportionate mortality of AI/ANs (19.8% in 1999 to 21.7% in 2020, p = 0.09). Upon comparison of gender, proportionate mortality of premature MI in women showed a statistically nonsignificant increase from 21.6% in 1999 to 27.3% in 2020 [average annual percent change of 0.7, p = 0.06)]. However, men had a statistically significant decrease in proportionate mortality of premature MI from 18.5% in 1999 to 18.2% in 2020 [average annual percent change of -0.8, p = 0.01)]. AI/ANs have an alarmingly higher rate of proportionate mortality of premature MI than that of other races, with no improvement in the proportionate mortality rates over 20 years, despite an overall downtrend in AMI mortality. Further research to address the reasons for the lack of improvement in premature MI is needed to improve outcomes in this patient population.

Heart Team Approach for Cardiogenic Shock Management in Pregnancy Complicated by Mechanical Mitral Valve Thrombosis.

A 27-year-old pregnant woman at 24 weeks of gestation was admitted with cardiogenic shock due to mechanical mitral valve thrombosis. Following discussion with the heart team, thrombolysis was achieved with tissue plasminogen activator therapy followed by heparin infusion. Ultimately, the patient required mitral valve replacement for persistently elevated gradients.

Emerging role of miR-320a in lung cancer: a comprehensive review.

A specialized biomarker(s) for lung cancer is imperative owing to its high mortality. Continuing our earlier work demonstrating the role of miR-320a as a tumor suppressor, here we discuss the most recent updates on miR-320a in lung cancer pathogenesis. We found that miR-320a modulates levels of diverse cancer-associated molecules and signaling pathways, and is also involved in modulating the immune microenvironment of lung cancer during its pathogenesis. We also discuss how miR-320a encapsulated in exosomes inhibits invasive phenotypes of lung cancer. Therefore, based on the multimodal role of miR-320a in lung cancer development and progression, we believe that miR-320a may be utilized as a potential diagnostic/prognostic marker and therapeutic target for lung cancer patients.

Bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC)-supported phosphinidenes.

Herein, the synthesis and characterization of bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC)-stabilized phosphinidenes (1-4) are reported. Compounds 1-3 were obtained by reacting trihalophosphine [PX3, X = Cl (1), Br (2), I (3)] with BICAAC in THF. A BICAAC-stabilized bis-phosphinidene (4) was obtained from the reduction of compound 2. All four compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations indicated the predominant C(carbene)P double bond characteristic in compounds 1-4.

Antibacterial Compound Isolation and Characterization from the Plant Cynotis axillaris Schult.

A novel flavone glycoside was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cynotis axillaris Schult. Various analysis and characterization techniques were used to determine its structure and properties. The compound exhibited a melting point range of 231-232 °C and had a molecular formula of C27 H30 O14 . Several spectral characterization techniques were employed to establish the isolated compound's structure. These included UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, LC-ESI-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Based on these analyses, the structure of the isolated compound was determined to be 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-8-α-L-rhamnopyranoside-4'-O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl. This structure indicates that it is a flavone glycoside consisting of a flavone (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone) moiety attached to a sugar molecule (galactopyranosyl) at position 4', which further bears a rhamnose group at position 8 of the flavone. In addition, to the structural characterization, the compound also demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy against various bacterial pathogens, including Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli MTCC1098, Proteus vulgarize MTCC426, and Salmonella Typhimurium MTCC3224. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition in millimetres, which provides an indication of the compound's ability to inhibit bacterial growth. The study successfully identified and characterized a novel flavone glycoside from Cynotis axillaris Schult. and its antimicrobial activity.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Marginal Bone Level (BL) in Two Implant-Retained Mandibular Overdenture With Lingualized Occlusion (LO): A Six-Year Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND:  The objective of this research was to assess the marginal bone loss and stability in a lingualized occlusal scheme with implant-supported mandibular overdentures as a viable solution for individuals experiencing difficulties with the retention of conventional mandibular dentures. The study assessed the marginal bone level (BL) using radiographic evaluation and clinically by evaluating periodontal health using probing depth index values over a period of 6 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Ten completely edentulous male patients with a bone height (BH) of 15-25 mm at the mandibular symphyseal region and dissatisfaction with their mandibular conventional complete denture were included in the study. Patients were willing to accept the conditions of the study and provide informed consent. Bleeding index, plaque index (PI), probing depth, and crestal BL were accessed during the follow-up period. Marginal BLs using Wical and Swoop Analysis method were evaluated at baseline (BL) (during loading), 3 years and 6 years post-loading. RESULTS:  During the observation period, there was no incidence of implant loss, and all patients expressed contentment with the retention, stability, chewing functionality, and esthetic appeal of their dentures. Marginal BLs through clinical and radiographic evaluation, periodontal health using bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth were assessed during the follow-up period. Throughout the entire period of observation, no instances of implant displacement were detected. CONCLUSION:  The study found that the use of a lingualized occlusal scheme with two implant-retained mandibular complete overdenture effectively transmitted horizontal loads, reduced stress on individual implants leading to decreased bone loss, and increased stability.

A rare optineurin mutation in an Indian family with coexistence of JOAG and PCG.

Purpose: This study focused on the genetic screening of Myocilin (MYOC), Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1), Optineurin (OPTN), and SIX homeobox 6 (SIX6) genes in a family with coexistence of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Methods: Sanger sequencing was used to examine the coding region of all four genes. Six different online available algorithms were used for the pathogenicity prediction of missense variant. Structural analysis was done using Garnier-Osguthorpe-Robson (GOR), PyMol, ChimeraX, and Molecular Dynamic (MD) Simulations (using Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-enabled Desmond module of Schrödinger). Results: There were a total of three sequence variants within the family. All seven algorithms determined that a single mutation, G538E, in the OPTN gene is pathogenic. The loops connecting the strands became more flexible, as predicted structurally and functionally by pathogenic mutations. Mutations create perturbations and conformational rearrangements in proteins, hence impairing their functioning. Conclusion: In this study, we describe a North Indian family in which members were having JOAG and PCG due to a rare homozygous/heterozygous mutation in OPTN. The coexistence of two types of glaucoma within a single pedigree suggests that certain OPTN mutations may be responsible for the onset of different glaucoma phenotypes.

Genetic Diversity of Autosomal STR Markers in the Brahmin Population of Rajasthan and Haryana: Significance in Population and Forensic Genetics.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the suitability of STRs for molecular characterization and forensic applications in unrelated Brahmins of Rajasthan and Haryana states, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 male DNA samples from various districts of Haryana (n=104) and Rajasthan (n=99) were genotyped using the GlobalFiler® PCR Amplification Kit. Allelic frequencies and different forensic parameters like PD, PE, PIC, PM, Ho, He, UHe, and TPI were calculated with different software. Results: More than 200 alleles were present in both populations, ranging from 6.0 to 35.2 and SE33 was the most polymorphic marker. The combined power of discrimination was 1. To know the relatedness with other Indian Brahmin populations, the UPGMA dendrogram and principal component analysis plot were visualized to show that both populations are close to each other and in nearby Saraswat Brahmins of Himachal Pradesh. This study showed a genetic relationship and forensic examination in the Haryana and Rajasthan Brahmin populations and various ethno-linguistically diverse populations of India. Conclusion: The results imply that the highly polymorphic 21 autosomal STR loci might be applied for individuals' forensic identification and parentage testing. This study also suggests that the kit having both autosomal and Y-STR markers is appropriate for a better understanding of the genetic and forensic examination in the Brahmin population of Haryana and Rajasthan.