ABSTRACT
Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.
ABSTRACT
A controlled trial was undertaken to compare the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with standard intramuscular opiate analgesia in the management of postoperative pain following appendicectomy. Consecutive patients undergoing emergency appendicectomy were randomised into control, sham TENS and active TENS groups. There was a significant decrease in pain severity and analgesic intake in both active and sham TENS groups when compared with the control group (P less than 0.01). No difference was demonstrated in pain severity between active and sham TENS groups but the active TENS group required slightly less analgesia. These results suggest that the major benefit of TENS in the postappendicectomy patient is due to its 'placebo effect' and its use in this situation cannot be recommended.
Subject(s)
Appendectomy , Electric Stimulation Therapy , Pain, Postoperative/therapy , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation , Adolescent , Adult , Clinical Trials as Topic , Female , Humans , Male , Mefenamic Acid/therapeutic use , Middle Aged , Opium/therapeutic use , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Placebos , Random AllocationSubject(s)
Hemorrhage/surgery , Peritoneal Diseases/surgery , Adult , Colon/blood supply , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
The dramatic events following closed chest injury are often unpredictable and may be fatal. Chest injury is one of the commonest causes of road traffic accident deaths in Papua New Guinea. Flail chest is an important complication of closed chest injury which has not been described previously in the locally published literature. Flail chest, its complications and management are discussed with an illustrative case history.
Subject(s)
Flail Chest/etiology , Thoracic Injuries/complications , Thoracic Injuries/etiology , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Flail Chest/physiopathology , Flail Chest/therapy , Hemothorax/etiology , Hemothorax/therapy , Humans , Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation , Male , Middle Aged , Pneumothorax/etiology , Pneumothorax/therapy , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Rib Fractures/complications , Thoracic Injuries/diagnosis , Thoracic Injuries/therapy , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapyABSTRACT
The first case of a successful partial splenectomy for ruptured spleen in a Papua New Guinean child is reported. Conservative management had failed and at operation repair was impossible. In selected cases of splenic trauma partial splenectomy is the treatment of choice if repair is impossible, especially in children to conserve the protective functions of the spleen.
