Political competition and environment quality: a study of India.

The focus of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is to promote the use of renewable energy so that countries can achieve better environmental quality. However, the progression is plodding, and still, 80% of energy comes mainly from conventional sources in developing countries. The implementation of procedures depends on the political attitudes, political stability, and quality of institutions. India has a diverse political structure ranging from central government to state government to local governments. In the late '80 s, India witnessed a stiff rise in regional and national political parties, which leads more political competition. This paper tries to explain the possible relationship between political competition and CO2 emission in India. With the application of the time series non-linear ARDL (NARDL) model, this study tries to find the asymmetric relationship between political competition and CO2 emission. In our empirical model, we also include other important elements of environmental quality like innovation and fossil fuel consumption. Empirical results show that political competition is asymmetrically related to CO2 emissions in the long run. Fossil fuel consumption and innovation also have a significant relationship with emissions. Based on the results, a few policy recommendations have been discussed.

Nexus among CO2 emissions, remittances, and financial development: a NARDL approach for India.

The nexus of remittances and CO2 emission is very important and gathers a significant place in empirical research. This paper tries to find out the asymmetric relationship between carbon emissions, remittances, and financial development in India for the period 1980-2014. Based on the theoretical linkages, we develop a nonlinear ARDL model with the use of time series data in this study. The results of the NARDL bound test suggest that there is long-run cointegration among the variables. The findings show that positive shock in remittances causes an increase in CO2 emissions, where negative shock reduces it. The coefficient for financial development is positive but becomes statistically insignificant. Empirical results also support the existence of asymmetric long-run relationship among the variables. Based on the findings, the paper recommends the proper channelization of remittances and financial development towards environment-friendly energy sources and projects without compromising economic growth.