Post-quantum healthcare: A roadmap for cybersecurity resilience in medical data.

As healthcare systems transition into an era dominated by quantum technologies, the need to fortify cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive medical data becomes increasingly imperative. This paper navigates the intricate landscape of post-quantum cryptographic approaches and emerging threats specific to the healthcare sector. Delving into encryption protocols such as lattice-based, code-based, hash-based, and multivariate polynomial cryptography, the paper addresses challenges in adoption and compatibility within healthcare systems. The exploration of potential threats posed by quantum attacks and vulnerabilities in existing encryption standards underscores the urgency of a change in basic assumptions in healthcare data security. The paper provides a detailed roadmap for implementing post-quantum cybersecurity solutions, considering the unique challenges faced by healthcare organizations, including integration issues, budget constraints, and the need for specialized training. Finally, the abstract concludes with an emphasis on the importance of timely adoption of post-quantum strategies to ensure the resilience of healthcare data in the face of evolving threats. This roadmap not only offers practical insights into securing medical data but also serves as a guide for future directions in the dynamic landscape of post-quantum healthcare cybersecurity.

Cultivating a sustainable future in the artificial intelligence era: A comprehensive assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in agriculture.

Agriculture is a leading sector in international initiatives to mitigate climate change and promote sustainability. This article exhaustively examines the removals and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the agriculture industry. It also investigates an extensive range of GHG sources, including rice cultivation, enteric fermentation in livestock, and synthetic fertilisers and manure management. This research reveals the complex array of obstacles that are faced in the pursuit of reducing emissions and also investigates novel approaches to tackling them. This encompasses the implementation of monitoring systems powered by artificial intelligence, which have the capacity to fundamentally transform initiatives aimed at reducing emissions. Carbon capture technologies, another area investigated in this study, exhibit potential in further reducing GHGs. Sophisticated technologies, such as precision agriculture and the integration of renewable energy sources, can concurrently mitigate emissions and augment agricultural output. Conservation agriculture and agroforestry, among other sustainable agricultural practices, have the potential to facilitate emission reduction and enhance environmental stewardship. The paper emphasises the significance of financial incentives and policy frameworks that are conducive to the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices. This exhaustive evaluation provides a strategic plan for the agriculture industry to become more environmentally conscious and sustainable. Agriculture can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and the promotion of a sustainable future by adopting a comprehensive approach that incorporates policy changes, technological advancements, and technological innovations.

Investigation of biological effects of chitosan magnetic nano-composites hydrogel.

The growing concern about microorganism infections, especially hospital-acquired infections, has driven the demand for effective and safe agents in recent years. Herein, novel nanocomposites were prepared based on layered double hydroxides (LDH NPs), Fe2O3nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs), and chitosan hydrogel beads in different concentrations. The characteristics and composition of the prepared materials were investigated by various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, and FTIR. The results indicate that the nanocomposites are synthesized successfully, and each component is present in hydrogel matrixes. Then, their biomedical properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity, were examined. Our findings demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of nanocomposites significantly depends on the concentration of each component and their chemical groups. It shows itself in the result of the inhibitory zone of all bacteria or fungi samples. The obtained results indicate that the nanocomposite of Chitosan-hydrogel beads with 20% LDH and Fe2O3(CHB-LDH-Fe2O3%20) and Chitosan-hydrogel beads based on 20% LDH (CHB-LDH%20) showed excellent antibacterial and antifungal properties against all tested bacteria and fungi (P ≤ 0.01). In addition, the antioxidant effects of the synthesized materials (especially CHB-LDH Fe2O3%20 and CHB-LDH%20) were investigated, showing high antioxidant efficacy against DPPH free radicals (P ≤ 0.01). According to our findings, we can say that these materials are promising biomaterials for inhibiting some infectious bacteria and fungi.

Doxorubicin-loaded carboxymethyl cellulose/Starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel beads as an anticancer drug carrier agent.

In this paper, nanocomposite hydrogel beads were prepared through combining carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), as well as physical cross-linking with FeCl3. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogel beads were used as a potential candidate for controlled release of anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The nanocomposite hydrogel beads were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, UV-vis, SEM, EDX, TGA and DSC. In addition, gel content, swelling/de-swelling properties, and drug release of the samples were evaluated. The swelling and drug release profiles revealed that the amount of drug released and swelling of the hydrogels depended on the CMC content, pH, and ZnO nanoparticle content. Prolonged and more controlled drug releases were observed for ZnO nanoparticle containing CMC/Starch beads, which increased with the rise in ZnO nanoparticle content. The cytotoxicity of the samples was confirmed using human colon cancer cells (SW480).

Antibacterial oxidized starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogel: Synthesis and evaluation of its swelling behaviours in various pHs and salt solutions.

In this study, oxidized starch hydrogels have been fabricated, and then ZnO nanoparticles were added to swollen oxidized starch hydrogels through the in-situ process. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on swelling behavior of oxidized starch hydrogels, as well as investigation their potential to be used in the antibacterial applications. The obtained results showed that the swelling behavior of the nanocomposite hydrogels was dependent on pH conditions. And at pH 7 the highest swelling was observed for samples because of the carboxylate anions created from samples constituent. The ZnO nanoparticles formation in the hydrogels was established with FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM micrographs showed the construction of ZnO nanoparticles with a size range of 35-70 nm within the hydrogel matrix. Also, the swelling behaviours of the nanocomposite hydrogels were studied in several pH values and salt solutions. The swelling capacity of the ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels was reliant on the abundance of the zinc oxide nanoparticles in the oxidized starch hydrogels matrix. Furthermore, these oxidized starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels showed smart swelling behaviours in NaCl, CaCl2 and AlCl3 aqueous solutions and their swelling ratio reduced with a growth of the salt concentration and valence of the cations. The swelling capacity for the resulted compounds in diverse salt solutions with the equal concentration was in order of NaCl > CaCl2 > AlCl3. Also, the antibacterial activities of the ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels were proven against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The nanocomposite hydrogels confirmed fine antibacterial properties. The developed oxidized starch/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels have the potential to be used for biomedical use.

PH-sensitive bionanocomposite hydrogel beads based on carboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO nanoparticle as drug carrier.

The present work explains the preparation of new pH-sensitive bionanocomposite beads based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and ZnO nanoparticles for use as controlled release drug delivery systems. Fe3+ ion as physical crosslinking agent was used to prepare ionic cross-linked bionanocomposite hydrogel beads. Propranolol hydrochloride (PPN) has been chosen as a model drug. Characterization of the pH-sensitive bionanocomposite beads resulting from incorporation of different content of ZnO nanoparticles into CMC matric was carried out using different experimental techniques: XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and EDX. Propranolol incorporation efficiency in beads was determined by UV-vis spectroscopy and was found to be high. Moreover, the swelling and drug release properties of the bionanocomposite hydrogels were investigated. The prepared bionanocomposite beads showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior with maximum water absorbing at pH 7.4. Also, it was found that the swelling ratio of ZnO/CMC hydrogels in different aqueous solutions was rather higher in comparison with its neat hydrogel. In vitro drug release test was carried out to prove the effectiveness of this novel type of bionanocomposite hydrogel beads as a controlled drug delivery system. A more sustained and controlled drug releases were observed for ZnONPs containing NaCMC beads, which increased by the increase in ZnONPs content.

A new kinetic-mechanistic approach to elucidate electrooxidation of doxorubicin hydrochloride in unprocessed human fluids using magnetic graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode.

A novel magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized in one step using polymerization of magnetic graph oxide grafted with chlorosulfonic acid (Fe3O4-GO-SO3H) in the presence of polystyrene. The prepared magnetic nanocomposite was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), (Thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (DTA)), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis techniques. Magnetic nanocomposite was casted on the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (PS/Fe3O4-GO-SO3H/GCE) and used for the detection and determination of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) in human biological fluids. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the modified electrode in aqueous solution displayed a pair of well-defined, stable and irreversible reductive/oxidation redox systems. CV study indicated that the oxidation process is irreversible and adsorption controlled. In addition, CV results indicated that DOX is oxidized via two electrons and three protons which is an unusual approach for the oxidation of DOX. A sensitive and time-saving procedure was developed for the analysis of DOX in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine with detection limit of 4.9 nM, 14 nM and 4.3 nM, respectively.

Facile synthesis of chitosan/ZnO bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads as drug delivery systems.

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in situ during the formation of physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel beads using sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linker. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these nanocomposite beads have the potential to be used in drug delivery applications. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in the hydrogels was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of ZnONPs with size range of 10-25 nm within the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, the swelling and drug release properties of the beads were studied. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogels showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior. The ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels have rather higher swelling ratio in different aqueous solutions in comparison with neat hydrogel. In vitro drug release test was carried out to prove the effectiveness of this novel type of nanocomposite beads as a controlled drug delivery system. A prolonged and more controlled drug releases were observed for ZnONPs containing chitosan beads, which increased by the increase in ZnONPs content.

Facile synthesis of antibacterial chitosan/CuO bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads.

CuO nanoparticles were synthesized in situ during the formation of physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel beads using sodium tripolyphosphate as the cross-linker. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these nanocomposite beads have the potential to be used in drug delivery applications. The formation of CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) in the hydrogels was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of CuONPs with size range of 10-25 nm within the hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, the antibacterial and swelling properties of the beads were studied. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogels showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior. The CuO nanocomposite hydrogels have rather higher swelling in different aqueous solutions in comparison with neat hydrogel. The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrated good antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

Antibacterial carboxymethyl cellulose/Ag nanocomposite hydrogels cross-linked with layered double hydroxides.

This paper deals with the preparation of antibacterial nanocomposite hydrogels through the combination of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), layered double hydroxides (LDH), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). CMC-LDH hydrogels were prepared by intercalating CMC into different LDHs. Then, Ag/CMC-LDH nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared through in situ formation of AgNPs within the CMC-LDHs. XRD analysis confirmed the intercalating CMC into the LDH sheets and formation of intercalated structures, as well as formation of AgNPs within the CMC-LDHs. SEM and TEM micrographs indicated well distribution of AgNPs within the Ag/CMC-LDHs. The prepared hydrogels showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior. The Ag/CMC-LDH nanocomposite hydrogels have rather higher swelling in different aqueous solutions in comparison with CMC-LDHs. The antibacterial activity of CMC-LDHs increased considerably after formation of AgNPs and was stable for more than one month.

One-pot synthesis of antibacterial chitosan/silver bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads as drug delivery systems.

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in situ during the formation of physically crosslinked chitosan hydrogel beads using sodium tripolyphosphate as the crosslinker. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these nanocomposite beads have the potential to be used in drug delivery applications. The formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the hydrogels was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. Furthermore, the antibacterial and swelling properties of the beads were studied. The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrated good antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. AgNPs caused an increase in the swelling capacity of the beads. In vitro drug release test was carried out to prove the effectiveness of this novel type of nanocomposite beads as a controlled drug delivery system. Prolonged and more controlled drug releases were observed for AgNPs containing chitosan beads, which increased by the increase in AgNPs content.

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial carboxymethylcellulose/CuO bio-nanocomposite hydrogels.

In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose/CuO nanocomposite hydrogels have been synthesized through the in situ formation of CuO nanoparticles within swollen carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. The aim of the study was to investigate whether these hydrogels have the potential to be used in antibacterial applications. The formation of CuO nanoparticles in the hydrogels was confirmed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. In addition, swelling behavior of nanocomposite hydrogels was investigated in various pH values and salt solutions. Furthermore, the CuO nanocomposite hydrogels were tested for antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite hydrogels was studied by inhibition zone method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrated excellent antibacterial effects. Therefore, the developed carboxymethyl cellulose/CuO nanocomposite hydrogels can be used effectively for biomedical application.

Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial carboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels.

In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels have been synthesized through the in situ formation of ZnO nanoparticles within swollen carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles in the hydrogels was confirmed using X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with size range of 10-20 nm within the hydrogel matrix. The prepared nanocomposite hydrogels showed a pH and salt sensitive swelling behavior. The ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels have rather higher swelling in different aqueous solutions in comparison with neat hydrogel. The nanocomposite hydrogels demonstrated antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The developed carboxymethyl cellulose/ZnO nanocomposite hydrogels can be used effectively for biomedical application.

Preparation and properties of carboxymethyl cellulose/layered double hydroxide bionanocomposite films.

Solution casting method was employed for preparing of carboxymethyl cellulose/layered double hydroxide (CMC-LDH) bionanocomposite films with LDH content ranged from 0 to 8 wt%. The synthesized nanocomposite films were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM analytical methods. XRD and TEM analysis revealed a partially exfoliated structure for nanocomposites with LDH content up to 3 wt%. However, for LDH contents higher than 3 wt%, nanocomposites formed an intercalated structure. Incorporation of LDH significantly decreased water vapor permeability (WVP) of the bionanocomposite films up to 37%. Addition of the LDHs into the CMC matrix is accompanied by a decrease in the film transparency. Mechanical properties of CMC-based films were improved significantly by addition of LDH particles. CMC-LDH nanocomposite film with 3 wt% LDH showed a 148 and 143% increase in the tensile strength and tensile modulus, as well as a 62% decrease in elongation in comparison with the pure CMC film.