ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The frequency of smartphone usage is increasing day by day in Turkey. This study was planned to reveal the level of smartphone addiction and the factors affecting smartphone addiction in young adults in Turkey. DESIGN: In the study, how long the young people had been using the smartphone and their daily usage times were recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Body Awareness Scale (BAS), and Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) scales were employed as data collection tools. RESULTS: The study was conducted with 1000 participants aged 18-45, and 807 were female. 85.6% of the participants have been using smartphones for at least 3 years and 77.3% of all participants use smartphones for more than 4 hours a day. According to the SAS scale, 34.8% of the participants had smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction is higher especially in those who have a sedentary life or individuals with neck disabilities (p = 0.005; p < 0.001 respectively). No significant difference was found between body awareness and smartphone addiction (p = 0.380). However, body awareness scores were higher in the group without smartphone addiction. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of the SAS, BAS, NDI, and SBQ scores in the participants classified by smartphone usage time. CONCLUSION: Female gender, daily usage of a smartphone for more than 4 hours a day, having a smartphone for at least 3 years, presence of sedentary behavior, and neck disability were the factors affecting smartphone addiction in young people. No relationship was found between body awareness and smartphone addiction. Further studies on the awareness of the effects of intensive smartphone usage on the body should be conducted among young people in Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Tools to measure layout people's knowledge about palliative care are very limited. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Palliative Care Knowledge Scale (PaCKS) in Turkish on layout people other than healthcare professionals. Perception of Health Scale (PHS) and European Health Literacy Survey (EHLS) scales were used to ensure concurrent validity of PaCKS. Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was found to be .846. In item analysis, item-total score correlations were found to be between .343 and .691. Intraclass correlation coefficient of PaCKS total score was found to be .862, p < .001 in test-retest results. In the concurrent validity analysis, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the PaCKS and the PHS (r = .504, p = .000) and PaCKS and the EHLS (r = .251, p = .017). PaCKS is a simple, applicable and short test that can be easily understood by layout people without any health education.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale (Icon-FES) is the first visual scale for fear of falling. Unlike the others, Icon-FES, including 30 items offers a unique perspective to assess the fear of falling by providing more precise contexts. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to introduce the 30-item Icon-FES, the first visual content fear of falling scale, into Turkish and to explore its psychometric properties. METHODS: First, the Turkish language validity of Icon-FES was ensured by following the forward-backward translation protocol. A total of 150 older adults independent in their daily living activities were included in the study. Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) and Activities Specific Balance and Confidence Scale (ABC), which are frequently preferred in the literature for the same purpose, were used to provide the criterion validity of the scale. The exploratory factor analysis method was utilised for the construct validity of the scale. RESULTS: Factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure. 52.22% of the total variance was explained with single-factor analysis. In the criterion validity analysis, while there was a strong positive correlation between Icon-FES and FES-I (r = 0.910, p < 0.01), a strong negative correlation was found between Icon-FES and ABC (r = -0.887, p < 0.01). The Cronbach Alpha value for the internal consistency of the scale was calculated as 0.965. The intraclass correlation coefficient between two measurements performed one-week interval was found to be 0.985 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study showed that Icon-FES is a valid, reliable and rapid result assessment tool for community-dwelling older adults without cognitive dysfunction.
