ABSTRACT
RATIONALE: It is known that both selective serotonin and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SSRI, SNRI) are first-line drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It has also been considered that both SSRI and SNRI can improve the symptoms of major depressive disorder by increasing the concentration of monoamine in the synaptic cleft based on the monoamine hypothesis. However, accumulating evidence has indicated that inflammation in the brain may be a key factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of major depressive disorder. OBJECTIVES: It has been advocated that microglial cells may regulate the inflammatory response under pathological conditions such as major depressive disorder. In this study, we focused on whether duloxetine can ameliorate the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 microglial cells. RESULTS: Our results indicated that duloxetine significantly decreased the NO production induced by LPS. The increase in the protein expression level of iNOS induced by LPS was significantly decreased by treatment with duloxetine. Moreover, the increases in the protein expression levels of phosphorylated-IκBα, phosphorylated-Akt and Akt induced by LPS were also significantly decreased. Unexpectedly, the protein expression levels of other pro-inflammatory factors such as COX-2 and the phosphorylation ratios for various molecules including IκBα and Akt were not changed by treatment with duloxetine. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that duloxetine may have an anti-inflammatory effect, which could contribute to its therapeutic effectiveness for major depressive disorder.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder, Major , Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism , Duloxetine Hydrochloride/pharmacology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Mice , Microglia/metabolism , NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/pharmacology , Norepinephrine/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Tissue factor (TF) is a critical initiator of extrinsic coagulation that sometimes causes thromboembolism. Diallyl trisulphide (DATS) is a secondary metabolite of allicin generated in crushed garlic, with various pharmacological effects. This study aimed to clarify the effect of DATS on the extrinsic coagulation elicited by TF and arteriosclerosis. TF activity was measured using a clotting assay in TF-expressing HL60 cells. DATS inhibited TF activity in a dose-dependent manner. TF expression in TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined using real-time PCR and western blotting. DATS inhibited TF mRNA and protein expression induced by TNF-α via inhibition of JNK signalling. The effect of DATS on arteriosclerosis was also examined in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. DATS administration in these mice tended to decrease atherosclerotic lesion size. These results strongly suggest that DATS prevents thromboembolism triggered by atherosclerosis via the inhibition of plaque formation and TF function.
