ABSTRACT
Inflammatory processes are increasingly attributed to macrophage polarization. Proinflammatory macrophages promote T helper (Th) 1 response, tissue repair, and Th2 responses. Detection of macrophages in tissue sections is facilitated by CD68. Our study is focused on the expression of CD68 and the estimation of proinflammatory cytokines in children's patients with chronic tonsillitis secondary to vitamin D supplementation. This hospital-based Randomized prospective case-control study was conducted on 80 children with chronic tonsillitis associated with vitamin D deficiency where (40 received vitamin D 50,000 IU weekly for 3-6 months and 40 received 5 ml distilled water as placebo). The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on all included children. Different histological and immunohistochemical studies for the detection of CD68 were done. There was a significantly lower serum level of 25(OH)D in the placebo group versus the vitamin D group (P < 0.001). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, and IL-2 significantly increased in the placebo group as compared to the vitamin D group (P < 0.001). The increased level of IL-4 and IL-10 in the placebo group as compared to the vitamin D group was insignificant (P = 0.32, 0.82) respectively. Vitamin D supplementation alleviated the deleterious effect of chronic tonsillitis on the histological structure of the tonsil. Tonsillar tissues of the children in the control and vitamin D groups demonstrated a highly statistically significantly lower number of CD68 immunoexpressing cells compared with those in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Low vitamin D may play a role in chronic tonsillitis. Vitamin D supplementation could help reduce the occurrence of chronic tonsillitis in susceptible children.
Subject(s)
Tonsillitis , Vitamin D Deficiency , Child , Humans , Case-Control Studies , Cholecalciferol , Cytokines , Dietary Supplements , Vitamin D , VitaminsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent lowgrade inflammation. Soluble CD14 (sCD14) is involved in many pathological conditions, including inflammation and atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between sCD14 levels, subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA), inflammation and mortality in Egyptian hemodialysis (HD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present longitudinal study included 62 HD patients. All patients were submitted to careful history taking, thorough clinical examination and laboratory assessment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and sCD14. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was also assessed. Patients were followed for a maximum of 18 months. The primary outcome is patients' mortality. Data were statistically analyzed using standard descriptive, comparative, correlative and regression methods. RESULTS: The present study was conducted on 62 HD patients. They comprised 34 males and 28 females with an age of 54.6 ± 9.0 years. At the end of follow-up, 12 patients (19.4 %) died. It was shown that survivors had significantly lower hsCRP levels (104.2 ± 38.2 versus 134.1 ± 15.3 mg/dL, p < 0.001), lower sCD14 levels (32.7 ± 10.3 versus 47.4 ± 18.4 µg/mL, p = 0.02) and lower CIMT (1.32 ± 0.5 versus 1.5 ± 0.2 mm, p = 0.049). sCD14 levels were significantly correlated with hsCRP (r = 0.4, p = 0.001) and CIMT (r = 0.31, p = 0.013). Multivariate analysis identified HD duration [HR (95% CI): 1.02 (1.0-1.04), p = 0.021] and sCD14 levels [HR (95% CI): 1.06 (1.0-1.12), p = 0.026] as significant predictors of patients' survival. CONCLUSIONS: sCD14 levels in this cohort of HD patients are well-correlated with hsCRP levels and CIMT. In addition, they are significant predictors of patients' mortality.
