The usefulness of transcervical ultrasonography for the prediction of obstructive sleep apnea in children.

OBJECTIVE: It was aimed to investigate the role of tonsil ultrasonography(USG) in the diagnosis of pediatric OSAS. METHODS: Before tonsillectomy (±adenoidectomy) for OSAS, all patients tonsil USG and polysomnography (PSG) tests were performed. Tonsil volume was measured preoperatively with the Brodsky tonsil grading scale and by postoperative water displacement test. RESULTS: In total, 47 patients were included in the study. We observed a positive correlation between tonsil volumes measured by preoperative USG and water displacement test postoperatively. There was a statistically significant correlation between tonsil sizes measured by tonsil USG, PSG AHI and questionnaire scores(p < .05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative tonsil USG may be helpful test in children with suspected OSAS.

Biological Performance of Hexadeca-Substituted Metal Phthalocyanine/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanobioagents.

This study presents a tetra-substituted phthalonitrile derivative, namely, diethyl 2-(3,4-dicyano-2,5-bis(hexyloxy)-6-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phenyl)malonate (a), cyclotetramerizing in the presence of some metal salts. The resultant hexadeca-substituted metal phthalocyanines [M= Co, Zn, InCl)] (b-d) were used for the modification of reduced graphene oxide for the first time. The effect of the phthalonitrile/metal phthalocyanines on biological features of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was extensively examined by the investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA cleavage, cell viability, and antibiofilm activities of nanobioagents (1-4). The results were compared with those of unmodified rGO (nanobioagent 5), as well. Modification of reduced graphene oxide with the synthesized compounds improved its antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of all the tested nanobioagents also enhanced as the concentration increased. The antibacterial activities of all the nanobioagents improved by applying the photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) method. All the phthalonitrile/phthalocyanine-based nanobioagents (especially phthalocyanine-based nanocomposites) exhibited DNA cleavage activities, and complete DNA fragmentation was observed for nanobioagents (1-4) at 200 mg/L. They can be used as potent antimicrobial and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy agents as well as Escherichia coli microbial cell inhibitors. As a result, the prepared nanocomposites can be considered promising candidates for biomedicine.

Natural Radioactivity Levels of the Beach Sands of Cleopatra Beach and Damlatas Beach (Türkiye) and Their Impact on Human Health.

HPGe γ spectrometry method was used to measure the natural radioactivity levels (40K, 232Th, and 226Ra) of the beach sand samples from Cleopatra Beach and Damlatas Beach in Antalya (Türkiye). The mean 40K, 232Th, and 226Ra radioactivity levels of the studied samples were calculated as 276.88 ± 17.24, 25.04 ± 2.88, and 17.06 ± 1.68 Bq/kg, respectively. Being below the radiation limits, these values indicate no risk in terms of public health. Moreover, the radiological risk parameters, such as excess lifetime cancer risk, radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed γ dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent (Eaed), γ index (Iγ), internal radiation hazard index (Hin), and external radiation hazard index (Hex), were calculated. The values of all of these parameters were found to be below the internationally accepted radiation limit values. In addition, distribution maps showing the radiological situation of the region were generated although they did not pose a hazard to public health. No results were found in the analysis processes related to artificial radioactivity.

Spatial geochemical structure of soft sediment on shallow littoral of the Gulf of Antalya, the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

The concentrations of heavy metals in soft sediments of the Manavgat and Lara regions in Antalya, Türkiye were investigated to assess contamination levels and their potential sources, followed by multivariate statistical analysis and generation of spatial distribution maps. Results showed low contamination levels for As, Zn, and Cu, moderate contamination for Pb, Ni, and Mn, and very high accumulation for Co and Cr. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) analyses revealed moderate enrichment for Mn and low enrichment for As, indicating no human-induced contamination in Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, and As, while Ni, Co, and Cr originated mainly from agriculture. The maximum modified degree of contamination (mCd) value was at an extreme high level, with an average mCd of 4.12 indicating high contamination. Maximum pollution load index (PLI) value was 3.13, indicating high-grade pollution and an average value of 1.7 indicating moderate pollution.

The investigation of cognition, proprioception, sensory and physical function in stroke patients with urinary incontinence.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate cognition, proprioception, and sensory/physical function in stroke patients with urinary incontinence (UI). METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 53 individuals with stroke (23 had UI and 21 matched controls). The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ-7) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) were used to assess the patients' UI symptoms. Participants were also evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Barthel Index (BI), Fugl-Meyer Sensory Assessment (FMA-S), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Proprioception Test. RESULTS: FTSST, FRT and FMA-S were better in stroke subjects without UI (p < 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between IIQ-7 with FMA-S, FTSST and proprioception (left extremity) (r1: - 0.415, r2: 0.440, r3: 0.430, p < 0.05) and a low correlation with BI (r: - 0.356, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Individuals with UI had worse sensory/motor function and static balance. Stroke patients with UI were more dependent, had less sensory function, and had worse lower extremity muscle strength and proprioception as the level of urinary incontinence increased. To reduce urinary incontinence, emphasis on motor/sensory function, balance, and proprioception should be considered.

Investigation of climate-quality relationship in bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) by novel statistical approach (ESOGÜ quality index).

In this study, precipitation; temperature (maximum, minimum, and average temperature) values of Eskisehir, Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Usak, and Kütahya for years (2007-2018); and protein content, macro sedimentation (MSDS), thousand kernel weight (KW), test weight (TW) relations, and the effect of climate values on quality were investigated. The Kriging method was used by ArcGIS software for creating quality maps of Eskisehir, Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Usak, and Kütahya provinces in the light of obtained data from these examined quality criteria, yield, and climate factors. The quality of bread wheat, which includes protein content, macro sedimentation, thousand kernel weight, and test weight, is highly affected by the subject precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation. While the months of November, March, and April and the total annual precipitations affect the quality, the most effective precipitation is the months of April and November. Again, the fact that the winter months are hot, especially in January and February, causes the plant to be inadequate to withstand the winter, causing the plant to be more affected by the low temperatures in the early spring and to reduce the quality due to insufficient plant growth. Climatic factors affect quality in total, not alone, but cumulatively. It was concluded that the best quality wheat can be obtained from Konya, Eskisehir, and Afyonkarahisar provinces. It was concluded that ESOGÜ quality index (EQI), evaluating and integrating protein content, macro sedimentation, thousand kernel weight, and test weigh together, can be used safely in bread wheat genotypes.

Advances in the Elemental Composition Analysis of Propolis Samples from Different Regions of Turkey by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the elemental composition of 47 propolis samples collected from different regions of Turkey by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. According to the results, the most abundant elements in propolis samples were the Ca, K, and Si with the mean values as 1556, 1383, and 731 mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, there were high degrees of positive and strong correlations of Al with S (0.925) and Fe (0.926) and Ca with Mg (0.970). According to cluster analysis results, the Aegean, Marmara, and Mediterranean regions showed strong similarities, whereas Southeastern Anatolia propolis samples were remarkably different. The elements considered as toxic for human and environmental health such as Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, and W were at the trace amounts as < 10 mg/kg. When assuming 1 g raw propolis is consumed daily by a 60-kg adult, the analyzed propolis samples were not a source carrying the negative effects of these elements. However, they could be an indicator of environmental pollution.

Multicolor Emitting Carbon Dot-Reinforced PVA Composites as Edible Food Packaging Films and Coatings with Antimicrobial and UV-Blocking Properties.

Active food packaging has become attractive because of the possibility to provide a longer shelf-life by loading functional agents into the packages to maintain the quality of food products. Herein, photoluminescent and transparent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based composites embedding multicolor fluorescent carbon dots (CD/PVA) were prepared by the solvent casting method. The prepared CDs emit a strong and stable fluorescence in solution while the CD/PVA composite films were transparent, flexible, and showed UV-blocking activity with a strong fluorescence emission. Blue color-emitting CDs showed the highest UV blockage at UVA (87.04%), UVB (87.04%), and UVC (92.22%) regions while PVA alone absorbed only less than 25% of the light in all UV regions. UV blockage capacity was shown to be decreased by half, in line with the emission color shift from blue to red. Thermal properties of the PVA film were improved by the addition of CDs to the polymer, and in vitro cell viability tests showed that none of the CDs were cytotoxic against the human lung fibroblast healthy cell line (MRC-F cells) when integrated into the PVA. The antimicrobial activity of CD/PVA nanofilms was qualitatively determined. The prepared films exhibited good antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with mild antioxidant and metal chelating activity, and significant inhibition of biofilm formation with a strong link with emitted color and the concentration of the composites. Green- and red-emitting CD/PVA with the highest antimicrobial activity were then analyzed and compared with the plane PVA employing their effect on the shelf-life of strawberries as a model for perishable foods. Fresh strawberries dip coated with CD/PVA and PVA were monitored over time, and virtual evaluations showed that CDs/PVA film coating resulted in reduced weight and moisture loss and significantly inhibited the fungal growth and spoiling for over 6 days at RT and 12 days at fridge conditions maintaining the visual appearance and natural color of the fruit. The findings in this work indicated the potential of reported CD as non-cytotoxic, UV-blocking antimicrobial additives for the development of edible coatings and packages for their use in the food industry, as well as pharmaceutical and healthcare applications.

Evaluation of different fixation methods with finite element analysis in total mandibular subapical osteotomy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the stress distribution in various miniplates that were used in cases that underwent advancement with total mandibular subapical osteotomy (TMSO) using finite element analysis (FEA). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of a patient with appropriate bone tissues were used as a reference for the modeling of the mandible. In all mandibular models, horizontal TMSO was performed in a region 5 mm away from the apex of the teeth and vertical TMSO was performed in the retromolar region, 10 mm posterior to the second molar tooth. After TMSO, the dentoalveolar segment was advanced 3 mm and miniplates were placed symmetrically at four points for fixation. Four different miniplates with 2.0 mm thickness were used. Three different forces were applied to the models. Stress distribution on the models was evaluated using maximum von Mises stress values. RESULTS: The maximum von Mises stress occurred in Y + I and Y + L models following the application of 300 N force from the incisal. An evaluation of posterior unilateral force indicated that the stress was remarkably high in the models with a posterior I-plate. The stress in the Y + I model was higher under unilateral force compared to the stress in other models. Under posterior bilateral force, the maximum von Mises stress values ​​occurred in the I-plates of T + I, Y + I, and L + I models (1006, 1012, and 1004 MPa, respectively). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of our study, we found that the ideal stress distribution was in the T + L and L + L plate combinations in the plates used for fixation after advancement with TMSO.

New bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: Synthesis, DNA cleavage, molecular docking, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and acid dissociation constants.

In this study, a series of bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry in 73-95% yield. The bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles exhibited significant DNA cleavage activity while the tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole analog 6g completely degraded the plasmid DNA. Molecular docking simulations suggest that compound 6g acts as minor groove binder of DNA by binding through several noncovalent interactions with base pairs. All bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae, L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila strains and antifungal activity against microfungus C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains. Compound 4d exhibited the best antibacterial activity among bis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. coli and E. hirae, while 6c exhibited the best antibacterial activity among tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. hirae. Furthermore, the best antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was reported for the compound 5, while 6d displayed the best antifungal activity against C. tropicalis and C. albicans. Reasonable iron chelating activities and DPPH radical scavenging abilities were found for some of the compounds. Finally, the acid dissociation constants (pKa) of the bis-1,2,3-triazoles were also determined with the help of HYPERQUAD program using the data obtained from potentiometric titrations. The reported data here concludes that the bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles are important cores that should be considered for further development of especially new anticancer agents acting through the DNA cleavage activity.

A Rare Case of Oral Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata in an Intubated Patient from Southeast Turkey

The infestation of human and animal tissues or organs by the larvae of flies is collectively termed as myiasis. The occurrence of oral myiasis is analogously low compared with cutaneous myiasis as oral tissues are not habitually exposed to the external environment. Oral myiasis predominantly affects the periodontium, buccal and/or palatal mucosa, lips, and tongue. The prevalence of myiasis is substantially higher in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in developing countries. This research adduces a case of oral myiasis related to palatal gingiva in a young boy who was intubated due to pneumonia.

Investigation of the role of stray cats for transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans and animals living in Izmir, Turkey.

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that has a widespread distribution among mammalians and birds. One of the reasons for the high prevalence may be due to ingesting oocyst disseminated by stray cats' feces. In Turkey, most of the citizens are closely associated with stray cats and they love to pet and feed them on the streets. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii DNA in feces of stray cats living in Izmir, Turkey in order to identify the transmission potential to humans and other animals. METHODOLOGY: Feces and blood samples of 465 stray cats were investigated for the presence of T. gondii oocysts by microscopy and for the presence of T. gondii DNA by two real time PCR methods. Furthermore, serum samples were analyzed for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using an ELISA. RESULTS: Oocysts were detected in 0.43% of the stray cats by microscopy. T. gondii DNA was detected in 14.37% of the stray cats' feces samples. The seroprevalence rate was 37.84%. In the feces and/or blood PCR positive group, 35.89% of them were seropositive. Among the 176 seropositive cats, T. gondii DNA was detected in feces of 27 cats (15.34%). CONCLUSIONS: This study first time showed the inter relation of T. gondii DNA in feces and blood samples and seropositivity. In sum, over 14% of the stray cats living outdoor may have an important role in transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans in Izmir as well as to other animals.

Evaluation of deformation in the buccal lamellar bone with finite element analysis in alveolar ridge-splitting/expansion technique.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate deformation and stress distribution in the buccal lamellar bone via finite element analysis (FEA) in the application of alveolar ridge-splitting/expansion technique (ARST) in atrophic maxilla and mandible. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Three-dimensional (3D) solid models of maxilla and mandible were formed using computer software, with an alveolar ridge thickness of 4 mm in the right first molar region. In both models, one horizontal and two releasing vertical osteotomies were made in the atrophic region. Vertical forces varying from 50 N to 1000 N were continuously applied on the midpoint of the horizontal osteotomy and then the axial and total deformation and von Mises stress distribution in the buccal lamellar bone was assessed by FEA. RESULTS: The degrees of axial deformation and total deformation and the maximum von Mises stress value under a 50 N force were 0.22 mm, 0.23 mm, and 4.52 MPa in the maxillary buccal lamellar bone and were 0.04 mm, 0.06 mm, and 5.90 MPa in the mandibular buccal lamellar bone, respectively. Similarly, under a 1000 N force, the values were 4.44 mm, 4.75 mm, and 90.49 MPa in the maxillary buccal lamellar bone and were 0.96 mm, 1.1 mm, and 118.02 MPa in the mandibular buccal lamellar bone, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate that the ARST used for implant placement or alveolar augmentation can be achieved with the application of lower amounts of force in the maxilla compared to the mandible. It was also revealed that in ARST, the maximum von Mises stress value was lower in the maxillary buccal lamellar bone than in the mandibular buccal lamellar bone. Based on these findings, we consider that the administration of ARST could be biomechanically more stable in the maxilla than in the mandible.

Is Perioperative Antibiotic Necessary in Straightforward Implant Placement Procedures?

The purpose of this nonrandom retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the impact of perioperative antibiotic on early outcomes, including postoperative pain, swelling, bleeding, and cyanosis, in patients undergoing dental implant placement before prosthetic loading. Seventy-five patients (45 men, 30 women) who had completed dental implant placement were included in the study. Patients who used perioperative antibiotics comprised the experimental group, and those who did not comprised the control group. The experimental group received 2 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1 hour before surgery and 1 g amoxicillin + clavulanic acid twice a day for 5 days after surgery. The control group received no perioperative antibiotic therapy. Data on pain, swelling, bleeding, cyanosis, flap dehiscence, suppuration, and implant failure were analyzed on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and at week 12. No statistically significant difference was detected between the 2 groups with regard to pain and swelling on postoperative days 2, 7, and 14 and week 12 (P > .05), while the severity of pain and swelling were greater on day 2 than on days 7 and 14 and week 12 in both groups (P = .001 and P < .05, respectively). Similarly, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups with regard to postoperative bleeding and cyanosis. Although flap dehiscence was more severe on day 7 in the experimental group, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups with regard to the percentage of flap dehiscence assessed at other time points. Within the limitations of the study, it has been demonstrated that antibiotic use has no effect on implant failure rates in dental implant surgery with a limited number of implants. We conclude that perioperative antibiotic use may not be required in straightforward implant placement procedures. Further randomized controlled clinical studies with more patients and implants are needed to substantiate our findings.

Synthesis, biological properties, and acid dissociation constant of novel naphthoquinone-triazole hybrids.

A series of novel 1,4-naphthoquinone-triazole hybrids, N-(3-amino-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide, was synthesized by click chemistry in the presence of sodium ascorbate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate in 81-94% yield. Various biological properties of the synthesized compounds including DNA binding/cleavage, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. The DNA binding study was performed using dsDNA and G-quadruplex DNA. All of the compounds showed fluorescence increase in the presence of DNA, regardless of the structure. Up to 2.9 and 2.5 times fluorescence increase upon incubation with double stranded or G-quadruplex DNA was detected for 5f and 5g, respectively. The docking studies performed on dsDNA and G-quadruplex structures suggested compounds' mode of interactions were populated around the grooves. All of the compounds showed excellent DNA cleavage activity and 5e was almost degraded the plasmid DNA. The highest radical scavenging activity was obtained as 89.9% at 200 mg/L with 5d. However, the highest ferrous chelating activity was obtained as 68.1% at 200 mg/L with 5g. The compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus hirae as bacteria strains and Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis as microfungus strains. The compounds exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity in the range of 4-128 µg/mL and 16-128 µg/mL, respectively. The best antimicrobial activity was obtained with 5d and 5e with a MIC value of 4 µg/mL against Enterococcus hirae. The acid dissociation constants (pKa) were determined potentiometrically in 20% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide-water hydro-organic solvent at an ionic background of 0.1 mol/L of NaCl, at 25 ± 0.1 °C. Five pKa values were obtained for each ligand.

Retrospective Analysis of Zygomatic Implants for Maxillary Prosthetic Rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate 141 zygomatic implants for the reconstruction of severely atrophic maxillae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case series study, zygomatic implants were placed under general anesthesia. Inclusion criteria were as follows: ASA I or ASA II, age older than 18 years, inadequate bone for restoration with conventional implants, alternative augmentation procedures considered either inappropriate or contraindicated, absence of a medical condition related to implant failure, and providing written consent. Zygomatic implants used in the study consisted of three different brands: NobelZygoma, Southern Implants System, and Implantswiss. RESULTS: The study included 45 patients, in whom 141 zygomatic implants were placed. The mean age of the patients was 51.76 (range: 23 to 72) years. Three patients were rehabilitated with removable prostheses, 19 patients with fixed prostheses, and 23 patients with hybrid prostheses. The overall complication rate was 5.67% (two zygomatic implants developed infection [1.4%], one zygomatic implant developed peri-implantitis [0.7%], three zygomatic implants developed sinusitis [2.1%], and two zygomatic implants showed unsuccessful prosthetic rehabilitation [1.4%]). The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 36 months. CONCLUSION: Clinical complications of zygomatic implants are acceptable, and their survival rates are similar to those of endosteal implants. Zygomatic implants can contribute to prosthetic rehabilitation.

Is the relationship of maxillary molar roots to the floor of the maxillary sinus associated with antral pseudocysts? A retrospective study using cone beam computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between molar root positions and antral pseudocysts (APs). STUDY DESIGN: The retrospective study included 160 patients. Vertical relationships of the molar roots and the maxillary sinus floor were divided into 4 categories. Root relationships were compared for the presence and dimensions of APs overlying teeth. The root relationships and the presence of APs were also compared for differences in gender, right versus left side, and age groups. RESULTS: APs were significantly more likely to occur in areas where 1 root extended through the sinus floor from the first molar (P = .004) or second molar (P = .014) and where more than 1 root of the first molar extended through the floor (P = .002). The extension of roots into the sinus was associated with a 9.900 to 25.300 times increase in APs compared with areas with no root contact. The height and width of APs were significantly greater in areas of root penetration into the sinus but gender, side, and age had no effect on the distribution of these root relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Root apices that transmit occlusal force to the Schneiderian membrane might induce the formation of APs and increase the dimensions of the lesions.

A new magnetized thermophilic bacteria to preconcentrate uranium and thorium from environmental samples through magnetic solid-phase extraction.

A magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method was developed for simultaneous preconcentrations of U(VI) and Th(IV) before their measurements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The main idea of this biotechnological application depends on the use of bacteria, thermophilic Bacillus cereus SO-14, as a solid-phase biosorbent. It was immobilized to γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles and used for MSPE. Characterization of the biosorbent was performed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Also, the the best conditions of experimental parameters were examined, and the reliability of the method developed was verified by applying the certified reference materials. Limit of detections (LODs) of the U(VI) and Th(IV) was calculated as 0.008 and 0.013 ng mL-1 respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were found to be 1.6 and 2.4 %, respectively, for U(VI) and Th(IV). R2 was also calculated as 0.9991. Preconcentration factors were achieved as 100 for both elements. It should be highlighted that LODs were critically improved and the sensitivity of ICP-OES was enhanced.

Treatment of Intraosseous Hemangioma With Embolization in Mandible.

The authors report a rare case of intraosseous hemangioma of the mandible in a 14-year-old male. Surgical intervention with embolization is as important as histological and radiological examination to reduce the bleeding complication. Magnetic resonance angiography is paramount of importance in these lesions to detect the supplier arteries.

Lymphangioma in the Buccal Mucosa.

Lymphangiomas are benign hamartomatous tumors which are characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphatic vessels. They are lymphatic malformations which are commonly localized to head and neck region. They are rare located in the oral cavity and tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, soft palate, floor of the mouth are mostly affected.