ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several associations between diabetes mellitus and delirium have been reported; however, they have been inconsistent, and evidence on the effects of antidiabetic medications on delirium is also limited. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of antidiabetic drugs is a risk factor for delirium development. METHODS: Using the Japanese Adverse Event Reporting Database, we analyzed 662,899 reports between 2004 and 2022. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for delirium associated with diabetes and using each antidiabetic medication were calculated after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 8892 of the reports analyzed were associated with delirium. A comparison of the incidence of delirium between patients with and without diabetes showed no significant difference, with 1.34% in patients without diabetes and 1.37% in those with diabetes. In each antidiabetic medication, signals for delirium were detected for sulfonylurea (crude ROR, 1.35; 95% CI 1.21-1.51) and insulin (crude ROR, 1.28; 95% CI 1.13-1.44). These results were maintained even after adjusting for factors with potential confounders (sulfonylurea: adjusted ROR, 1.75; 95% CI 1.54-2.00, insulin: adjusted ROR, 1.35; 95% CI 1.20-1.54). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest no association between diabetes and delirium; however, using sulfonylurea and insulin may be associated with delirium development. Nonetheless, these findings should be validated in future studies.
Subject(s)
Delirium , Diabetes Mellitus , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Japan/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus/chemically induced , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Sulfonylurea Compounds/adverse effects , Insulin , Delirium/chemically induced , Delirium/epidemiology , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting SystemsABSTRACT
Eugenols (Eugs) such as eugenol (Eug), methyleugenol (MeEug), and linalool (Lin) in basil product are the main bioactive components of basil products and have a terminal double-bond. A sensitive HPLC-fluorescence method for Eugs derivatized with 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)iodobenzene (DIBI) was developed. Good separation of DIB-Eugs was achieved within 20 min on an Atlantis T3 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3 µm) with a mobile phase of methanol-water. The calibration curves obtained with Eug standards showed good linearities in the range of 0.1-50 µM (r ≥ 0.999). The limits of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3 for Eug, MeEug, and Lin were 1.0, 6.0, and 4.8 nM, respectively. The limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) of the Eugs were lower than 19.9 nM. The accuracies for the Eugs were within 96.8-104.6%. The intra- and inter-day precisions as relative standard deviations for the Eugs were less than 1.2 and 9.6% (n = 3). The recoveries of Eug, MeEug, and Lin were 99.0 ± 0.1, 98.0 ± 0.2, and 96.0 ± 0.4% (n = 3), respectively. The DIB-Eugs were confirmed to be stable for 2 h (>90%) at room temperature and 24 h (>95%) at 4 °C. These parameters of the proposed method were useful for the simultaneous determination of Eugs in basil products. Therefore, the developed method may be a powerful tool for the quality evaluation of dried commercially available basil products.
Subject(s)
Eugenol/analysis , Fluorescence , Ocimum basilicum/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Imidazoles/analysis , Iodobenzenes/analysis , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
From the aerial parts of Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum, nine new phenylpropanoids, clinopodic acids A-I (2-10), were isolated together with a known phenylpropanoid, rosmarinic acid (1). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. Clinopodic acid C (4) showed MMP-2 inhibitory activity (IC(50) 3.26 microM).
