ABSTRACT
We experimentally determined the three-dimensional temperature distribution and modification mechanism in a soda-lime-silicate glass under irradiation of ultrafast laser pulses at high repetition rates by analyzing the relationship between the morphology of the modification and ambient temperature. In contrast to previous studies, we consider the temperature dependence of thermophysical properties and the nonlinear effect on the absorbed energy distribution along the beam propagation axis in carrying out analyses. The optical absorptivity evaluated with the temperature distribution is approximately 80% and at most 3.5% smaller than that evaluated by the transmission loss measurement. The temperature distribution and the strain distribution indicate that visco-elastic deformation and material flow play important roles in the laser-induced modification inside a glass.
Subject(s)
Glass/chemistry , Lasers , Models, Theoretical , Optics and Photonics/instrumentation , Calcium Compounds/chemistry , Nonlinear Dynamics , Oxides/chemistry , Silicates/chemistry , Sodium Hydroxide/chemistry , Temperature , Thermodynamics , Viscoelastic Substances/chemistryABSTRACT
Epicutaneous application of a contact sensitizer 2, 4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB) is known to cause an inflammatory response and a hapten-specific T cell activation. We developed a highly stable gel formulation for DNCB which is easy to apply to the skin. The present study focused on whether topical application of DNCB gel produced immunomodulation with prophylactic effects against lethal herpes simplex virus infection (HSV) type 1. Our results indicated that topical treatment with DNCB gel induced proliferation of lymph node cells, T cells as well as antigen presenting cells, the production of cytokines, especially IFN-gamma, and cutaneous inflammatory response comparable to that from freshly prepared DNCB in olive oil. Repeated topical treatment of DNCB gel resulted in prophylactic effect against lethal infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). In mice repeatedly treated with DNCB gel and infected with HSV, a significant increase in serum IFN-gamma was observed. These results suggest that topical DNCB functions as a potent immunomodulator, activating anti-viral defense mechanisms.
