Identification and quantification of diphenhydramine, haloperidol, and its metabolite, reduced haloperidol in a saponified brain specimen that was immersed in the sea water for more than 10 years.

In forensic toxicology, blood and urine specimens are commonly used for detecting and quantifying drugs and their metabolites. When the cadaver is so damaged or decomposed such that the specimens mentioned above cannot be collected, it is necessary to perform drug analysis using alternative specimens such as hair, nails, oral fluids and meconium. Adipocere is resistant to further degradation; it is thus possible to be used as an alternative specimen to analyze drugs and their metabolites. Some researchers indeed have reported drug concentrations in saponified samples that were collected years after decedents' deaths. In this study, we subjected saponified brain, which remained under sea for over 10 years after death, to forensic toxicological analysis using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Using product ion scan analysis, we confirmed the presence of diphenhydramine, haloperidol, and reduced haloperidol, a metabolite of haloperidol. In addition, drugs and metabolite quantification were performed using the standard addition method. Correlation coefficients of the calibration curves were over 0.98. Analyte concentrations in the saponified brain were as follows: diphenhydramine was 1.84 ng/g, haloperidol was 1.30 ng/g, and reduced haloperidol was 3.02 ng/g. Our results suggest that it can be possible to quantify not only parent drugs but also their metabolites in saponified brain. These findings indicate that saponified tissues could be applied as alternative specimens for forensic toxicology, and could be useful as supporting information for victim identification.

Short tandem repeat analysis to identify the causative pregnancy of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: Molar versus nonmolar pregnancy and its relation to the outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) include a group of malignant neoplasms that originate from the trophoblasts of placental tissue in molar or nonmolar pregnancy. Currently, it is unclear whether the prognosis of high-risk GTN or gestational choriocarcinoma succeeding molar pregnancy or that following a nonmolar one is better. Comparison of the genetic short tandem repeat (STR) patterns of the DNA extracted from the tumor, patient, and her partner allows the genetic origins of the choriocarcinoma to be distinguished - whether it is gestational or non-gestational and whether it is derived from a molar or nonmolar pregnancy in the event it is gestational. This study aimed to investigate the causative pregnancy of patients with high-risk GTN, especially those with poor outcomes, and assess the impact of the causative pregnancy on patient outcome. METHODS: We evaluated 24 patients who were diagnosed with high-risk GTN between January 2000 and October 2019, including 15 cases of pathologically proven gestational choriocarcinomas and the causative pregnancy was investigated by STR analysis in which tumor DNA could be extracted. RESULTS: In high-risk GTN without history of anteceding molar pregnancies, nonmolar pregnancy was the causative pregnancy, which was confirmed in three cases. Molar pregnancy appeared be the causative pregnancy of high-risk GTN in patients with a history of antecedent molar pregnancies either with or without interruption by subsequent nonmolar pregnancies prior to developing high-risk GTN. High-risk GTN in most of the evaluated deceased cases (three of four) was due to nonmolar pregnancy, while all but one case with molar pregnancy as the causative pregnancy survived. DISCUSSION: STR analysis can distinguish the causative pregnancy of high-risk GTN, and nonmolar pregnancy as the causative pregnancy might have negative effects on the outcome of the disease.

Next-generation genome sequencing of a matched normal-tumor pair from a patient with intractable gestational choriocarcinoma: A case report.

Gestational choriocarcinoma is a gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) originating from trophoblastic cells with abnormal proliferation. Although chemotherapy is effective for treating this cancer, when patients develop chemoresistance, personalized treatment, such as the use of drugs matching their genomes, is required. The present report describes a case of intractable gestational choriocarcinoma identified using a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based tumor panel. A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with gestational choriocarcinoma via pathological and short tandem repeat analyses. The patient did not achieve remission despite many regimens of chemotherapy, including high-dose therapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. To identify drugs tailored to this particular choriocarcinoma, NGS was performed on the tumor of the patient, and the tumor genome was compared with that of the patient's blood sample using the NCC Oncopanel System. Consequently, 245 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) with a mean SNV allele frequency of 63.1% were identified. This high frequency was because the genome of the gestational choriocarcinoma contained part of the genome of the partner. Therefore, our experience of the present intractable case of choriocarcinoma suggested that matched normal-tumor pair analysis is not appropriate for treatment decisions in GTN cases. When using an NGS-based tumor panel to assess choriocarcinoma, researchers must consider whether the genomic DNA of the patient and their partner are involved in the GTN.

A poor prognostic metastatic nongestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary: a case report and the literature review.

BACKGROUND: Pure ovarian choriocarcinoma can be gestational or nongestational in origin. Nongestational pure ovarian choriocarcinoma is extremely rare and the prognosis is thought to be worse than that of the gestational type in patients with metastatic disease. We present a case of metastatic pure ovarian choriocarcinoma with poor prognosis in which the origin was identified as nongestational by DNA short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. CASE PRESENTATION: A nulliparous woman in her thirties with metastatic choriocarcinoma was referred to our hospital after initial treatment proved unsuccessful. Two months earlier, she had undergone brain tumor resection and histological examination confirmed choriocarcinoma. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration at initial diagnosis was 5030 IU/L. Two cycles of a combination chemotherapy regimen of methotrexate, etoposide, and actinomycin-D (MEA therapy), which is commonly used for gestational choriocarcinoma, was administered. However, the disease could not be controlled. Imaging modalities at presentation revealed tumor present in the left ovary and left lung, but not in the uterus, which led us think that the choriocarcinoma was nongestational. Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP therapy) which is commonly used for nongestational choriocarcinoma (malignant germ cell tumor) and surgical resection of the uterus, bilateral ovaries, and an affected part of the left lung led to the nadir level of hCG, but the tumor relapsed and levels of hCG again increased. To investigate the origin of choriocarcinoma, we performed DNA STR analysis of tumor cells and oral mucosal cells. Analysis revealed the origin of the choriocarcinoma as nongestational, as the genotype of tumor cells entirely corresponded with that of oral mucosal cells. BEP therapy and chemotherapy regimens administered for nongestational choriocarcinoma and gestational choriocarcinoma proved ineffective, and the patient died 21 months after diagnosis of metastatic choriocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Metastaic nongestational pure choriocarcinoma of ovary is an extremely rare and an aggressive disease, frequently resulting in poor outcome.

Bayesian approach to discriminant problems for count data with application to multilocus short tandem repeat dataset.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are a type of DNA polymorphism. This study considers discriminant analysis to determine the population of test individuals using an STR database containing the lengths of STRs observed at more than one locus. The discriminant method based on the Bayes factor is discussed and an improved method is proposed. The main issues are to develop a method that is relatively robust to sample size imbalance, identify a procedure to select loci, and treat the parameter in the prior distribution. A previous study achieved a classification accuracy of 0.748 for the g-mean (geometric mean of classification accuracies for two populations) and 0.867 for the AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). We improve the maximum values for the g-mean to 0.830 and the AUC to 0.935. Computer simulations indicate that the previous method is susceptible to sample size imbalance, whereas the proposed method is more robust while achieving almost identical classification accuracy. Furthermore, the results confirm that threshold adjustment is an effective countermeasure to sample size imbalance.

Comparative Analyses of Copy-Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia Reveal Etiological Overlap and Biological Insights.

Compelling evidence in Caucasian populations suggests a role for copy-number variations (CNVs) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). We analyzed 1,108 ASD cases, 2,458 SCZ cases, and 2,095 controls in a Japanese population and confirmed an increased burden of rare exonic CNVs in both disorders. Clinically significant (or pathogenic) CNVs, including those at 29 loci common to both disorders, were found in about 8% of ASD and SCZ cases, which was significantly higher than in controls. Phenotypic analysis revealed an association between clinically significant CNVs and intellectual disability. Gene set analysis showed significant overlap of biological pathways in both disorders including oxidative stress response, lipid metabolism/modification, and genomic integrity. Finally, based on bioinformatics analysis, we identified multiple disease-relevant genes in eight well-known ASD/SCZ-associated CNV loci (e.g., 22q11.2, 3q29). Our findings suggest an etiological overlap of ASD and SCZ and provide biological insights into these disorders.

Japaneseplex: A forensic SNP assay for identification of Japanese people using Japanese-specific alleles.

It is sometimes necessary to determine whether a forensic biological sample came from a Japanese person. In this study, we developed a 60-locus SNP assay designed for the differentiation of Japanese people from other East Asians using entirely and nearly Japanese-specific alleles. This multiplex assay consisted of 6 independent PCR reactions followed by single nucleotide extension. The average number and standard deviation of Japanese-specific alleles possessed by an individual were 0.81 ±â€¯0.93 in 108 Koreans from Seoul, 8.87 ±â€¯2.89 in 103 Japanese from Tottori, 17.20 ±â€¯3.80 in 88 Japanese from Okinawa, and 0 in 220 Han Chinese from Wuxi and Changsha. The Koreans had 0-4 Japanese-specific alleles per individual, whereas the Japanese had 4-26 Japanese-specific alleles. Almost all Japanese were distinguished from the Koreans and other people by the factorial correspondence and principal component analyses. The Snipper program was also useful to estimate the degree of Japaneseness. The method described here was successfully applied to the differentiation of Japanese from non-Japanese people in forensic cases. This Japanese-specific SNP assay was named Japaneseplex.

STR Genotyping from a Dry-Cleaned Skirt in a Sexual Assault Case.

In this sexual assault case, the standard preliminary semen examinations could not confirm physically or biochemically whether the accused's semen had stained the victim's skirt because the skirt had been dry-cleaned for stain removal and had been worn for more than a year after the assault. Fortunately, however, a photograph taken just after the assault was found in the court records that showed white stains on the checkered skirt. The locations of the stains were estimated based on the checkered pattern of the fabric, and microscopic examination using Baecchi's staining revealed the presence of spermatozoa. Further analysis indicated the male DNA profile generated from the sperm cells was consistent with the suspect's DNA using three multiplex STR typing systems for a total of 21 autosomal and 17 Y chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs). Ultimately, the result of the DNA profile played a very useful role as additional evidence.

Analysis of mainland Japanese and Okinawan Japanese populations using the precision ID Ancestry Panel.

We typed 165 AIMs in 49 mainland Japanese and 47 Okinawa Japanese using the Precision ID Ancestry Panel (Thermo Fisher Scientific). None of the 165 SNPs showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the mainland Japanese. One SNP (rs3943253) showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in Okinawa Japanese. Fisher's exact tests showed that the genotype frequencies of 14 loci were significantly different (p<0.05) between the two populations before correction for multiple testing. After Bonferroni correction, only rs671 remained statistically significant (p<0.0003). This SNP is located in the ALDH2 gene. The mutant A allele is associated with increased side effects after alcohol intake. The frequency of the GG genotype (wild type) was higher in the Okinawa Japanese (78.7%) than in mainland Japanese (34.7%; Bonferroni corrected P<0.001). For 31 (63.3%) of the mainland Japanese and 42 (89.4%) of Okinawa Japanese, the highest population likelihood was obtained with the Japanese reference population. However, only in a few individuals, the likelihoods were significantly different from those calculated using reference data from neighboring populations. The likelihoods for mainland Japanese and Okinawa Japanese were not significantly different from each other for any of the investigated individuals. STRUCTURE and PCA analyses showed that mainland Japanese, Okinawa Japanese, and East Asians could not be differentiated with the Precision ID Ancestry Panel.

Establishment and characterization of cell lines derived from complete hydatidiform mole.

Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) are a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation of atypical trophoblasts. A hydatidiform mole is an abnormal pregnancy caused by genetic fertilization disorders, and it can be classified as a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) or a partial hydatidiform mole. The aim of this study was to establish cell lines from CHMs and to characterize the cells for future studies concerning GTD. HMol1-2C, HMol1-3B, HMol1-8 and HMol3-1B were established from primary cultures of CHM explants following the introduction of different combinations of genes including human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a mutant form of CDK (CDK4R24C), cyclin D1, p53C234, MYC and HRAS. HMol1-2C, HMol1-3B, and HMol3-1B were confirmed to originate from trophoblasts of androgenic, homozygous CHMs. These three cell lines exhibited low human chorionic gonadotropin secretion, low migration and invasion abilities, and the potential to differentiate into syncytiotrophoblastic cells via forskolin treatment. These results suggest that these cells exhibit characteristics of trophoblastic cells, especially cytotrophoblastic cells. HMol1-8 was found to consist of diploid cells and originated from maternal cells, suggesting that they were derived from decidual cells. In conclusion, we successfully established three cell lines from CHMs by introduction of hTERT and other genes. Analysis revealed that the genetic origin of each cell line was identical with that of the original molar tissue, and the cell lines exhibited characteristics of trophoblastic cells, which are similar to undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts.

A human genotyping trial to estimate the post-feeding time from mosquito blood meals.

Mosquitoes occur almost worldwide, and females of some species feed on blood from humans and other animals to support ovum maturation. In warm and hot seasons, such as the summer in Japan, fed mosquitoes are often observed at crime scenes. The current study attempted to estimate the time that elapsed since feeding from the degree of human DNA digestion in mosquito blood meals and also to identify the individual human sources of the DNA using genotyping in two species of mosquito: Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus. After stereomicroscopic observation, the extracted DNA samples were quantified using a human DNA quantification and quality control kit and were genotyped for 15 short tandem repeats using a commercial multiplexing kit. It took about 3 days for the complete digestion of a blood meal, and genotyping was possible until 2 days post-feeding. The relative peak heights of the 15 STRs and DNA concentrations were useful for estimating the post-feeding time to approximately half a day between 0 and 2 days. Furthermore, the quantitative ratios derived from STR peak heights and the quality control kit (Q129/Q41, Q305/Q41, and Q305/Q129) were reasonably effective for estimating the approximate post-feeding time after 2-3 days. We suggest that this study may be very useful for estimating the time since a mosquito fed from blood meal DNA, although further refinements are necessary to estimate the times more accurately.

Species specificities among primates probed with commercially available fluorescence-based multiplex PCR typing kits.

To assess species specificities among primates of signals from short tandem repeat (STR) loci included in two commercially available kits, mainly the AmpFlSTR Identifiler kit and additionally the GenePrint PowerPlex 16 system, we analyzed 69 DNA samples from 22 nonhuman primate species representing apes, Old World Monkeys (OWMs), New World Monkeys (NWMs), and prosimians. Each prosimian species and the NWM cotton-top tamarin apparently lacked all STR loci probed. Only one peak, the amelogenin-X peak, was evident in samples from all other NWMs, except the owl monkey. In contrast, several loci, including the amelogenin-X peak, was evident in samples from each OWM species. Notably, for each ape sample, the amelogenin peaks were concordant with morphological gender of the individual. Among the primates, especially in apes, the numbers of alleles for STR loci were increasing according to their phylogenetic order: prosimians

CD109 attenuates TGF-ß1 signaling and enhances EGF signaling in SK-MG-1 human glioblastoma cells.

CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface protein that is frequently detected in squamous cell carcinomas. CD109 is a negative regulator of TGF-ß1 signaling in human keratinocytes, and the N-terminal fragment of CD109 secreted from cells after cleavage by the furin protease is important for modulating TGF-ß1 signaling. Previously, we found that CD109 is expressed in human glioblastoma cells; however, the role of CD109 in glioblastoma cells is not established. Here, we describe the effects of CD109 in human glioblastoma cell lines. Three glioblastoma cell lines, SK-MG-1, U251MG and MG178, were tested and CD109 overexpression attenuated TGF-ß1 signaling and enhanced EGF signaling in SK-MG-1, but not in U251MG or MG178. The N-terminal CD109 fragment in SK-MG-1 was hyperglycosylated compared with that in MG178 or U251MG. The conditioned medium of CD109-overexpressing SK-MG-1, containing the secreted N-terminal CD109, had a negative effect on TGF-ß1 signaling in wild-type SK-MG-1 and MG178, whereas it did not show any effect on EGF signaling. In addition, cell surface CD109 interacts with EGF receptor in SK-MG-1 overexpressing CD109, and exhibited enhanced cell migration and invasion. These findings suggest that CD109 attenuates TGF-ß1 signaling and enhances EGF signaling in SK-MG-1 cells and that the membrane-anchored CD109 may play major roles in the EGF signaling pathway.

Identification of causative pregnancy of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia diagnosed during pregnancy by short tandem repeat analysis.

•Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can arise during the first trimester originating from trophoblasts of concurrent pregnancy.•Intraplacental choriocarcinoma can be developed from trophoblasts of a previous pregnancy.

Revertant mutation releases confined lethal mutation, opening Pandora's box: a novel genetic pathogenesis.

When two mutations, one dominant pathogenic and the other "confining" nonsense, coexist in the same allele, theoretically, reversion of the latter may elicit a disease, like the opening of Pandora's box. However, cases of this hypothetical pathogenic mechanism have never been reported. We describe a lethal form of keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome caused by the reversion of the GJB2 nonsense mutation p.Tyr136X that would otherwise have confined the effect of another dominant lethal mutation, p.Gly45Glu, in the same allele. The patient's mother had the identical misssense mutation which was confined by the nonsense mutation. The biological relationship between the parents and the child was confirmed by genotyping of 15 short tandem repeat loci. Haplotype analysis using 40 SNPs spanning the >39 kbp region surrounding the GJB2 gene and an extended SNP microarray analysis spanning 83,483 SNPs throughout chromosome 13 in the family showed that an allelic recombination event involving the maternal allele carrying the mutations generated the pathogenic allele unique to the patient, although the possibility of coincidental accumulation of spontaneous point mutations cannot be completely excluded. Previous reports and our mutation screening support that p.Gly45Glu is in complete linkage disequilibrium with p.Tyr136X in the Japanese population. Estimated from statisitics in the literature, there may be approximately 11,000 p.Gly45Glu carriers in the Japanese population who have this second-site confining mutation, which acts as natural genetic protection from the lethal disease. The reversion-triggered onset of the disesase shown in this study is a previously unreported genetic pathogenesis based on Mendelian inheritance.

Ovarian mucinous tumors arising from mature cystic teratomas--a molecular genetic approach for understanding the cellular origin.

Mucinous tumors of the ovary are frequently associated with mature cystic teratomas, and it has been speculated that the mucinous tumors arise from teratoma components. The cellular origins of mature cystic teratomas are believed to be post-meiotic ovarian germ cells, and the analysis of microsatellite markers such as short tandem repeats is suitable for determining the cellular origin of tumors. In this study, we analyzed 3 ovarian mature cystic teratomas, all of which were associated with simultaneous ovarian mucinous tumors within the same ovary. Two of the 3 mucinous tumors were intestinal-type and the other was endocervical type. A laser capture microdissection technique was used to separate the epithelial component of the mucinous tumor, the components of the mature cystic teratoma, and control ovarian somatic tissue. Using short tandem repeat analysis based on 6 markers (D20S480, D6S2439, D6S1056, D9S1118, D4S2639, and D17S1290), we could distinguish the germ cell (homozygous) or somatic (heterozygous) origin of a given component in each sample. The epithelial components of the intestinal-type mucinous tumors in cases 1 and 2 were homozygous, and the epithelial component in case 3 (endocervical type) was heterozygous. All teratomatous components were homozygous, and the control components were heterozygous. In addition, we analyzed 3 mature cystic teratomas without mucinous tumors, and all 3 were homozygous in the tumor component. Our data suggest that the origin of mucinous tumors in the ovary may differ among histological subtypes, and intestinal-type mucinous tumors may arise from mature cystic teratomas, although endocervical-type mucinous tumors may not.

The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations.

The Japanese Archipelago stretches over 4000 km from north to south, and is the homeland of the three human populations; the Ainu, the Mainland Japanese and the Ryukyuan. The archeological evidence of human residence on this Archipelago goes back to >30 000 years, and various migration routes and root populations have been proposed. Here, we determined close to one million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the Ainu and the Ryukyuan, and compared these with existing data sets. This is the first report of these genome-wide SNP data. Major findings are: (1) Recent admixture with the Mainland Japanese was observed for more than one third of the Ainu individuals from principal component analysis and frappe analyses; (2) The Ainu population seems to have experienced admixture with another population, and a combination of two types of admixtures is the unique characteristics of this population; (3) The Ainu and the Ryukyuan are tightly clustered with 100% bootstrap probability followed by the Mainland Japanese in the phylogenetic trees of East Eurasian populations. These results clearly support the dual structure model on the Japanese Archipelago populations, though the origins of the Jomon and the Yayoi people still remain to be solved.

FLNA p.V528M substitution is neither associated with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia nor with macrothrombocytopenia.

Filamin A is encoded by the FLNA gene on chromosome Xq28 and functions in cross-linking actin filaments into orthogonal networks in the cortical cytoplasm. FLNA p.V528M was initially detected in a female autopsy case of X-linked bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia (BPNH), a neuronal migration disorder characterized by subependymal nodules of gray matter. During our mutation analysis of FLNA in a boy with apparent X-linked thrombocytopenia, we detected the p.V528M variant. The patient, mother and sister, who were heterozygous for the substitution, did not have BPNH. We observed an allele frequency of 4.8% in healthy control Japanese, but did not observe the variant in Caucasian subjects. Hemizygous controls had a normal platelet count and size. We suggest that p.V528M is neither associated with BPNH nor with thrombocytopenia and giant platelets, and represents a functional polymorphism.

Frequency data for 12 mini STR loci in Argentina.

Allele frequencies and forensic parameters for twelve miniSTR autosomal loci (D10S1248, D14S1434, D22S1045, D4S2364, D2S441, D1S1677, D20S480, D6S2439, D6S1056, D9S1118, D4S2639 and D17S1290) were calculated from a sample of 506 unrelated individuals from the Central-East Region of Argentina. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations were found. Furthermore, comparisons with other previously studied populations were made. These twelve miniSTR markers may help forensic laboratories in solving parentage testing as well as in typing degraded DNA samples.

Minisatellite MS32 alleles show population specificity among Thai, Chinese, and Japanese.

Lineages of structurally related alleles at minisatellite MS32 in human populations show considerable differentiation at the continental level. However, the regional specificity of these lineages remains unknown. We now describe the comparison of allele structures in Thai, Han Chinese, and Japanese populations with lineages previously established for North Europeans and Africans. The great majority of alignable Asian alleles showed their closest structural relative in Asia, with few instances of preferential alignment of Asian with European alleles and only one isolated incident showing a best match with an African allele. Further, there was a strong tendency, most marked for Japanese, for Asian alleles to align preferentially with other alleles from the same population, indicating strong regional specificity of allele lineages. This rapidly evolving minisatellite can therefore serve as a lineage marker for exploring recent events in human population history and dissecting population structure at the fine-scale level, as well as being an extremely informative DNA marker for personal identification.