Effect of individualized occupational therapy on cognition among patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of individualized occupational therapy (IOT) plus group occupational therapy (GOT) as standard care for cognition compared to GOT alone, and to determine which IOT component has the greatest effect on cognitive outcome in patients with schizophrenia. This study was conducted at 14 clinical sites across Japan and enrolled recently hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. The IOT consisted of motivational interview, self-monitoring, individualized visits, craft activities, individualized psychoeducation, and discharge planning. Among the 68 patients who were randomized to the GOT + IOT group (n = 34) and GOT alone group (n = 34), 67 completed the trial (GOT + IOT group, n = 34; GOT alone group, n = 33). There were significant improvements in change from baseline to post-treatment between the groups in verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, attention, executive function domains, and the composite score of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). The BACS composite score was significantly associated with the number of craft activity sessions. The addition of IOT to GOT has a favorable feasibility profile and efficacy for cognition in schizophrenia. Craft activity is the most effective IOT component in improving cognition.

Aerobic exercise and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study serves as an update to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia and determine the most effective method of aerobic exercise. We searched for controlled studies investigating the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia published until January 2021. Fifteen studies were included. A random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) between cognitive outcomes of aerobic exercises and controls. Compared with controls, aerobic exercises resulted in significant improvements in global cognition (SMD = 0.21), attention/vigilance (SMD = 0.32), working memory (SMD = 0.27), and verbal learning (SMD = 0.30). Significant improvements in global cognition were observed with group exercise (SMD = 0.28), exercise supervised by exercise professionals (SMD = 0.27), as well as with ≥ 90 min/week (SMD = 0.26) and ≥ 12 weeks duration (SMD = 0.22). Our findings provide information beneficial for determining the most effective aerobic exercise method to improve cognition in schizophrenia.

Aerobic exercise and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: Results of a 1-year follow-up from a randomized controlled trial.

We previously reported that adding combined, individual, and group aerobic exercise (AE) interventions to the treatment as usual (TAU) for schizophrenia showed significant improvements in cognition and other outcomes compared to those with TAU alone in a randomized controlled trial. Following the promising results of our previous study, this 1-year follow-up study evaluated the improvements in cognition and other outcomes with TAU + AE compared to those with TAU alone. Of 41 randomized patients, 40 were included in the intent-to-treat population-20 in the TAU + AE and 20 in the TAU alone; all patients completed the 1-year follow-up. Mixed models were applied to assess changes in outcome measures over time from baseline to 1-year follow-up. At 1-year follow-up, the TAU + AE demonstrated significant group by time interaction effects in several cognitive domains, intrinsic motivation, negative symptom, interpersonal relations, and functional outcome compared with the TAU alone. Our results demonstrate that the improvements in cognition and other outcomes with TAU + AE were maintained and that functional outcome improved over 1-year follow-up. These findings show that the improvements sustained for each outcome over 1 year have the potential to offer opportunities for greater transitions to improvement of functional outcome.

Aerobic exercise and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

This pilot randomized controlled trial evaluated the combined effect of individual and group aerobic exercises (AEs) on cognition in schizophrenia. Among 32 randomized patients, 31 were included in the intent-to-treat population: 16 in treatment as usual (TAU) + AE and 15 in TAU groups. Over 12 weeks, patients were given a dose of 2 exercise sessions per week, including 1 individual session and 1 group session. TAU + AE patients showed significant improvements in cognition, intrinsic motivation, psychiatric symptoms, and interpersonal relations. These encouraging findings support the promise of integrated individual and group AEs to improve cognition and other outcomes in schizophrenia.