ABSTRACT
Oral ferric citrate hydrate (FCH) is effective for iron deficiencies in hemodialysis patients; however, how iron balance in the body affects iron absorption in the intestinal tract remains unclear. This prospective observational study (Riona-Oral Iron Absorption Trial, R-OIAT, UMIN 000031406) was conducted at 42 hemodialysis centers in Japan, wherein 268 hemodialysis patients without inflammation were enrolled and treated with a fixed amount of FCH for 6 months. We assessed the predictive value of hepcidin-25 for iron absorption and iron shift between ferritin (FTN) and red blood cells (RBCs) following FCH therapy. Serum iron changes at 2 h (ΔFe2h) after FCH ingestion were evaluated as iron absorption. The primary outcome was the quantitative delineation of iron variables with respect to ΔFe2h, and the secondary outcome was the description of the predictors of the body's iron balance. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to identify the determinants of iron absorption during each phase of FCH treatment. ΔFe2h increased when hepcidin-25 and TSAT decreased (-0.459, -0.643 to -0.276, p = 0.000; -0.648, -1.099 to -0.197, p = 0.005, respectively) in GEEs. FTN increased when RBCs decreased (-1.392, -1.749 to -1.035, p = 0.000) and hepcidin-25 increased (0.297, 0.239 to 0.355, p = 0.000). Limiting erythropoiesis to maintain hemoglobin levels induces RBC reduction in hemodialysis patients, resulting in increased hepcidin-25 and FTN levels. Hepcidin-25 production may prompt an iron shift from RBC iron to FTN iron, inhibiting iron absorption even with continued FCH intake.
Subject(s)
Ferric Compounds , Hepcidins , Humans , Ferric Compounds/pharmacology , Ferritins , Iron , Prospective Studies , Renal DialysisABSTRACT
Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH) is a chronic inflammation that primarily affects the pituitary gland. This disorder has recently been classified into lymphocytic adenohypophysitis (LAH), lymphocytic infundibulo-neurohypophysitis (LINH), and lymphocytic infundibulo-panhypophysitis (LIPH) according to the affected area. We report a case of LINH in a 68-year-old woman who presented with diabetes insipidus (DI). In this case, the posterior lobe was affected in both endocrinological assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. In contrast, the anterior pituitary was not affected in endocrinological assessment but was affected in MRI findings. Indeed, the patient did not develop hypopituitarism. We believed that these clinical and radiological features were unique in regard to the classification of LYH. To confirm the classification of LYH and the distinction from pituitary adenoma, a pituitary biopsy was performed. Based on the pathological and endocrinological assessment, the patient's disorder was finally diagnosed as a variant of LINH. Current evidence recommends that surgical intervention for LYH should be avoided because the natural course of LYH is essentially self-limiting. Therefore, the accumulation of the knowledge of many variants of LYH is important for the preoperative differential diagnosis of pituitary masses. Our clinical observation could be useful for avoiding unnecessary surgical intervention.
