Impact of anatomical liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in preventing early-phase local recurrence after surgery.

BACKGROUND: The superiority of anatomical liver resection (AR) for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over nonanatomical liver resection (NR) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the impact of AR in preventing local and early HCC recurrence. METHODS: A total of 280 patients who underwent initial liver resection for solitary HCC ≤5 cm in diameter were categorized into the AR and NR groups and compared using propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: Between the matched pairs (n = 87 in each group), the incidence rates of local and early (recurrence within 2 years after surgery) recurrences in the AR group were significantly lower than those in the NR group (13.8% vs. 28.7%, p = .025; 20.7% vs. 35.6%, p = .028, respectively). The overall survival in the AR group was better than that in the NR group (median: 13.4 vs. 7.6 years, p = .003). NR was among independent risk factors for early recurrence (odds ratio: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6, p = .023) and prognostic factors for local recurrence (hazard ratio: 2.44, 95% CI: 1.4-4.4, p = .003). CONCLUSION: AR is superior in controlling local and early recurrence postoperatively for solitary HCC ≤5 cm in diameter compared with NR.

An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Osteopontin and S100 Calcium-binding Protein P is Useful for Subclassifying Large- and Small-duct Type Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) has been newly subclassified into two different subtypes: large-duct (LD) type and small-duct (SD) type. However, many cases are difficult to subclassify, and there is no consensus regarding subclassification criteria. LD type expresses the highly sensitive diagnostic marker S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P), while SD type lacks sensitive markers. We identified osteopontin (OPN) as a highly sensitive marker for SD type. This study aimed to develop new subclassification criteria for LD-type and SD-type iCCA. We retrospectively investigated 74 patients with iCCA and subclassified them based on whole-section immunostaining of S100P and OPN. Of the 74 cases, 41 were subclassified as LD type, 32 as SD type, and one was indeterminate. Notably, all S100P-negative cases had OPN positivity. Seventy-three of the 74 cases (98.6%) were clearly and easily subclassified as LD or SD type using only these 2 markers. We also determined the value of immunohistochemistry in cases that were difficult to diagnose based on hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining. Furthermore, we analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics and prognoses of these 2 subtypes. LD type was a poor prognostic factor on univariate analysis; it had significantly worse overall survival ( P = 0.007) and recurrence-free survival ( P < 0.001) than the SD type. In conclusion, we propose new subclassification criteria for iCCA based on immunostaining of S100P and OPN. These criteria may help pathologists to diagnose subtypes of iCCA, supporting future clinical trials and the development of medications for these 2 subtypes as distinct cancers.

Long-term remnant liver volume dynamics after major hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma following portal vein embolization.

BACKGROUND: Portal vein embolization (PVE) followed by major hepatectomy is a common treatment strategy for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC); however, the long-term dynamics of the liver remnant volume (LRV) remain unclear. Here, we report the dynamics of the LRV in patients who underwent hepatectomy following PVE. METHODS: A total of 39 patients with PHCC who underwent right hemihepatectomy or left trisectionectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection between 2004 and 2021 were enrolled in this study [PVE (n = 27) and non-PVE (n = 12]). Long-term remnant liver dynamics were analyzed in propensity score-matched pairs (n = 10/group). RESULTS: The LRV/future liver remnant volume (FLRV) at 1 week to 1 month after hepatectomy were smaller in the PVE group than in the non-PVE group (1.53 vs. 1.69, p = .044 and 1.52 vs 1.99, p = .003, respectively). In the non-PVE group, the LRV/FLRV ratio plateaued 1-3 months postoperatively, whereas progressive hypertrophy occurred in the PVE group, and the LRV/FLRV ratio became equal in both groups at 1 year after hepatectomy (1.96 vs. 1.97; p = .799). Multivariate analysis revealed that FLRV/total liver volume (TLV) ≤ 0.43 was the only independent predictor of LRV/FLRV ≥1.9 at 1 year after hepatectomy (odds ratio:5.345, 95% confidence interval:1.210-23.615; p = .027). CONCLUSION: Although the long-term LRV was nearly equal in both groups, short-term LRV hypertrophy was lower in the PVE group than in the non-PVE group.

Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma with High Microsatellite Instability and Tumor Mutation Burden That Responded Significantly to Pembrolizumab but Perforated within a Short Period.

Cholangiocarcinoma has a poor prognosis, and resection is the only curative treatment. Pembrolizumab, a programmed death receptor 1 inhibitor, has proven effective against unresectable or metastatic solid tumors with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) or a high tumor mutation burden (TMB-H). In the present case, pembrolizumab treatment was initiated after standard chemotherapy for MSI-H and TMB-H unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Intrahepatic tumor necrosis perforated the abdominal cavity. Emergency surgery was performed, but the patient died 36 days after admission. A pathological autopsy revealed that the intrahepatic tumor had almost completely disappeared.

Influence of IgA nephropathy on the progression of pulpitis and apical periodontitis in HIGA mice.

OBJECTIVES: Immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy has been associated with oral infections such as periodontitis, but its pathogenesis is not fully understood; no treatments exist. This study analyzes the influence of IgA nephropathy, an autoimmune disease, on the pathogenesis of pulpitis and apical periodontitis. METHODS: Two groups of mice were used in pulp infection experiments: high serum IgA nephropathy model mice (HIGA) and control mice (BALB/c). Histologic analyses of the pulp and apical periodontal tissues were performed on days 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 following oral bacterial infection. The dynamics of odontoblasts, apoptotic cells, and IgA expression were analyzed using anti-Nestin, TUNEL, and anti-IgA staining, respectively. RESULTS: Inflammatory cells infiltrated the exposed pulp at day three in both groups and by 14 days, these cells had infiltrated from the pulp to the apical periodontal tissue. The area of necrotic pulp tissue increased significantly in the control group at seven days. Odontoblasts decreased from day three onwards and disappeared by 28 days in both groups. The number of apoptotic cells in the pulp and apical periodontal tissues was significantly higher in the experimental group at day 28. The experimental group exhibited a significant increase in IgA production in the pulp after 14 days. Bone resorption in the apical periodontal tissue was significantly decreased in the experimental group at day 28. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that IgA nephropathy may modulate the inflammatory response and sustain long-term biological defense responses in pulpitis and apical periodontitis in HIGA mice.

Long-term Catch-up Growth and Risk Factors for Short Adult Height After Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Children requiring liver transplantation generally have severe growth retardation. Recipients experience posttransplantation catch-up growth, although some show short adult heights. We aimed to determine decades-long catch-up growth trends and risk factors for short adult height following liver transplantation. METHODS: We analyzed long-term height Z scores and risk factors for short adult height in a single-center retrospective cohort of 117 pediatric liver transplantation recipients who survived >5 y, with 75 of them reaching adult height. RESULTS: Median age at transplantation was 1.3 y, and the most common primary diagnosis was biliary atresia (76.9%). Mean height Z scores pretransplantation and 1, 3, and 8 y after transplantation were -2.26, -1.59, -0.91, and -0.59, respectively. The data then plateaued until 20 y posttransplantation when mean adult height Z score became -0.88, with a median follow-up of 18.6 y. Nineteen recipients did not show any catch-up growth, and one quarter of recipients had short adult height (<5th percentile of the healthy population). Multivariate analysis identified old age (odds ratio, 1.22 by 1 y; P = 0.002), low height Z scores at transplantation (odds ratio, 0.46 by 1 point; P < 0.001), and posttransplantation hospital stay ≥60 d (odds ratio, 4.95; P = 0.015) as risk factors for short adult height. In contrast, prolonged steroid use after transplantation was not considered a significant risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: Although tremendous posttransplantation catch-up growth was observed, final adult height remained inadequate. For healthy physical growth, liver transplantation should be performed as early as possible, before growth retardation becomes severe.

Effects of Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Progression of Pulpitis and Apical Periodontitis in SKG Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that involves joint inflammation. Although periodontal disease reportedly contributes to RA onset, the associations of RA with pulpitis and apical periodontitis have not been described. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of immune response disruption of RA for pulpitis and apical periodontitis with SKG mice. METHODS: SKG and BALB/c (control) mice were used to establish models of pulp infection. Histologic studies of pulp and apical periodontal tissue were performed at 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days; odontoblast dynamics were analyzed by antinestin staining, and apoptotic cells were examined by TdT-mediated digoxygenin (biotin)-dUTP nick end labeling staining. RESULTS: Inflammatory cell infiltration into the exposed pulp was observed at 3 days in the SKG and control group groups; the infiltration extended to the apical pulp area at 14 days after surgery. Inflammatory cell infiltration and bone resorption in the apical pulp area were observed from 14-28 days in the SKG and control groups; there were significant increases in inflammatory cell infiltration and bone resorption in the control group at 28 days. The numbers of apoptotic cells in pulp and apical periodontal tissue were higher in the SKG group than in the control group at 14 and 28 days. The number of odontoblasts decreased in the SKG and control groups until 14 days and then disappeared in the SKG and control groups at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that immune response disruption in RA is involved in prolonging the inflammatory state of pulpitis and apical periodontitis.

Late-onset Chronic Kidney Disease Over 2 Decades After Pediatric Liver Transplantation: A Single-center, Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) after liver transplantation (LTx) is a common complication in adults, its long-term significance after pediatric LTx remains unclear. We examined the decades-long transition of renal function and revealed the risk factors for late-onset CKD after pediatric LTx in a single-center retrospective cohort of 117 pediatric LTx recipients who survived >5 y. METHODS: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD stages were calculated using serum creatinine. Risk factor analysis for late-onset CKD was performed in 41 patients whose eGFR could be evaluated at >20 y after LTx. RESULTS: The median age at LTx was 1.3 y, and most primary diagnoses were biliary atresia (77%). The mean pre-LTx and 1, 5, 10, 20, and >20 y post-LTx eGFRs were 180, 135, 131, 121, 106, and 95 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , respectively, with a median renal follow-up period of 15 y. The eGFR declined by 47% at >20 y after LTx ( P < 0.001). CKD was observed in 8%, 19%, and 39% of cases at 10, 20, and >20 y after LTx, respectively. In patients receiving cyclosporine, trough levels were 1.5 times higher in those with CKD up to 10 y after LTx. The multivariate analysis showed that older age at LTx (odds ratio, 1.3 by 1 y; P = 0.008) and episodes of repeated/refractory rejection (odds ratio, 16.2; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors of CKD >20 y after LTx. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, renal function deteriorates slowly yet steadily after pediatric LTx. Long-term careful surveillance is essential after pediatric LTx, especially in repeated/refractory rejection or long-term high trough-level use of cyclosporine cases.

Urgent versus elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for high-risk grade II acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) for grade II acute cholecystitis (AC) in high-risk patients who were defined by Tokyo Guideline 18 as having age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index ≥6 or American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA-PS) ≥ 3, compared with elective Lap-C following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD). METHODS: In 73 grade II AC patients who underwent Lap-C from January 2012 to March 2021, 35 were identified as high-risk; 22 underwent urgent Lap-C (urgent group) and 13 PTGBD followed by elective Lap-C (elective group). Surgical and perioperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in operation time (median: 101 min vs 125 min; P = 0.371), blood loss (25 ml vs 7 ml; P = 0.853), morbidity rate (31.8% vs 38.5%; P = 0.726), or the incidence of total perioperative major complications (13.6% vs 15.4%; P = 1.000) between the two groups. The total duration of treatment was significantly shorter in the urgent group than the elective group (11 days vs 71 days; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that blood loss ≥45 ml [odds ratio (OS): 12.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.03-72.42, P = 0.006], and age ≥75 years with ASA-PS ≥ 3 (OS: 9.85, 95%CI: 1.26-77.26, P = 0.03) were the independent risk factors for total perioperative major complications. CONCLUSION: In well-selected high-risk patients with grade II AC, urgent Lap-C can be performed with comparable safety to elective Lap-C following PTGBD.

Rescue percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization after failed associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy in a patient with multiple liver metastases of rectal cancer: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Liver metastasis is the most common form of distant spread of colorectal cancer. Despite oncological and surgical advances, only about 25% of patients are eligible to undergo resection. As the liver has a limited resectable volume, tumor reduction and remnant liver hypertrophy are of critical importance in treating initially unresectable colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) allows rapid liver hypertrophy within a short period and has been reported to be useful in recent years. CASE PRESENTATION: A 29-year-old woman complaining of bloody stool was referred to our hospital. She was diagnosed with rectal cancer (Rb) with simultaneous multiple liver and lung metastases. The patient was then initially commenced on chemotherapy and completed it with a satisfactory response. Right trisectionectomy was necessary to achieve hepatic clearance; however, the future liver remnant (FLR) volume was insufficient. Therefore, we decided to perform totally laparoscopic ALPPS to obtain enough FLR volume. However, the FLR increase was slow, and FLR did not attain the required volume for right trisectionectomy. Computed tomography showed that right portal venous blood flow was increased via developed collateral vessels around the portal vein. We attempted to induce further liver growth by blocking portal blood flow using additional percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPE), and a rapid increase in FLR was obtained. The patient underwent right trisectionectomy and partial resection of S2 with negative margins, and the patient was discharged without postoperative liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: Resumption of the portal venous blood flow through collateral vessels after ALPPS may have interfered with the planned residual liver hypertrophy. Performing PTPE in addition to ALPPS increased the FLR volume, and radical hepatectomy was completed safely. Remnant portal venous blood flow following ALPPS is an important issue to be considered in surgical planning, and early additional portal vein embolization could be effective.

Gallbladder Burkitt's lymphoma mimicking gallbladder cancer: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Malignant lymphoma is a rare form of gallbladder malignancy. Most of these malignancies are diffuse large B-cell lymphomas or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas; however, Burkitt's lymphoma of the gallbladder is extremely rare, and only two previous reports are available in the literature. Herein, we report a rare case of Burkitt's lymphoma of the gallbladder mimicking gallbladder adenocarcinoma. CASE SUMMARY: An 83-year-old man with no abdominal complaints was found to have a gallbladder tumor and periportal lymph node enlargement on computed tomography (CT) performed for hypertension screening. His laboratory data revealed slightly elevated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and soluble interleukin 2 receptor. Imaging examinations revealed two irregular and contrast-enhanced masses extending into the gallbladder lumen, but these did not infiltrate the serosa. Moreover, a periportal lymph node had enlarged to 30 mm. Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient as having gallbladder adenocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis, which was treated using bile duct resection with gallbladder bed resection and periportal lymph node dissection. However, the patient was finally diagnosed as having Burkitt's lymphoma. Although the surgical margin was pathologically negative, recurrence was noted at the hepatic radical margin and superior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes on positron emission tomography/CT soon after discharge. Thus, he was referred to a hematologist and started receiving treatment with reduced-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. CONCLUSION: Burkitt's lymphoma can occur in the gallbladder. Biopsy can be useful in cases with findings suggestive of gallbladder malignant lymphoma.

Correlation of LGR5 expression and clinicopathological features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a known cancer stem cell marker. However, there are no reported analyses of LGR5 mRNA expression in normal liver and liver cancer tissues. Here, we evaluated LGR5 expression by RNAscope, a newly developed RNA in situ hybridization technique, using a tissue microarray consisting of 25 samples of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) selected from the medical archives at our hospital. LGR5 expression levels were divided into high and low expression groups by the five-grade scoring system, and clinicopathological features were analyzed. Low LGR5 expression was identified in some normal hepatocytes and bile duct cells. In addition, LGR5 expression was identified in all bile duct cancer samples except one case. Well-differentiated to moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma tended to show higher LGR5 expression than poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (P = 0.0561), and the large duct type showed significantly higher LGR5 expression levels than the small duct type (P = 0.0225). Patients in the high LGR5 expression group tended to have good overall survival (OS) (P = 0.0623). The Cox proportional hazard regression model revealed that the high LGR5 expression group showed independently better OS for ICC (P = 0.0285). High LGR5 expression is possibly a good prognosis factor in ICC. However, the detailed mechanism of LGR5 in this disease remains unclear, and further analysis is warranted.

Colocutaneous fistula associated with Crohn's disease following Kugel patch repair for inguinal hernia: a case report.

Colocutaneous fistula associated with Crohn's disease after mesh repair for inguinal hernia has not been previously reported in the literature. We report such case in an 83-year-old man following a preperitoneal repair of a left-sided inguinal hernia using Kugel patch. The patient has Crohn's disease in remission status for 4 years. One month after inguinal hernia repair, he presented with fever and left-sided inguinal pain and swelling. Computed tomography revealed abscess formation in the preperitoneal and subcutaneous space of the left-sided inguinal region. Colonoscopy showed local exacerbation of Crohn's disease in the sigmoid colon, and formation of fistula between the sigmoid colon and abdominal wall of the left-sided inguinal region. We performed mesh removal with Hartmann resection following percutaneous abscess drainage. The post-operative course was uneventful, and no sign of recurrence of the hernia was found for 3 years post-operatively.

Preoperative Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio Predicts Long-Term Outcome for Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Although various biomarkers are useful in predicting cancer prognosis, the most effective preoperative systemic biomarkers for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have not been established. This study aimed to evaluate whether the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) can predict the long-term outcomes for patients who were to undergo surgical resection of PDAC. METHODS: The study involved 170 patients with PDAC who underwent resection. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among clinicopathologic, surgical, and seven systemic biomarker-related factors including LMR. Subgroup analysis of PDAC located in the body and tail of the pancreas (B/T PDAC) was performed (n = 60) to eliminate the influence of preoperative cholangitis and surgical procedure. Furthermore, OS according to the postoperative course of the LMR value group was investigated. RESULTS: A low LMR (<3.3) was the only independent predictive factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.52; p < 0.001) and DFS (HR, 3.31; p < 0.001) among the systemic biomarkers. Subgroup analysis of the B/T PDAC also showed that low the LMR was the independent predictive factor for OS (HR, 3.24; p = 0.002) and DFS (HR, 4.42; p = 0.003). The PDAC that maintained a high LMR from before surgery to 1 year after surgery showed good long-term outcomes (median OS, 8.5 years; 5-year survival rate, 61.8 %). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative LMR was an independent predictor of OS and DFS after surgery for PDAC. Maintaining a high LMR through the pre- and postoperative courses might improve the prognosis for patients with PDAC.

Preemptive Intercostal Nerve Block as an Alternative to Epidural Analgesia.

BACKGROUND: The necessity of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) remains unclear. We investigated TEA efficacy in MIS versus thoracotomy and the noninferiority of a preemptive intercostal nerve block (ICNB) to TEA in MIS. METHODS: We investigated 393 patients who underwent lung resection, with and without TEA, between 2014 and 2019 (242 MIS, 151 thoracotomy) and 93 patients who underwent MIS with ICNB between 2019 and 2020. To address selection bias 70 TEA and 70 ICNB patients were propensity score matched. Endpoints were pain score during hospitalization, postoperative complications, duration of operating room use, analgesia-related adverse effects, and use of supplemental pain medication. RESULTS: One-third of patients with MIS discontinued TEA on postoperative day 1 or earlier; those with early TEA discontinuation reported worse pain the next day. TEA was associated with lower pain scores compared with non-TEA, regardless of surgical invasiveness, and a lower complication risk in patients with thoracotomy but not MIS. For MIS, ICNB was associated with an equivalent pain score on postoperative day 1, lower average pain score during hospitalization, shorter duration of operation room use, less frequent use of supplemental pain medication, and similar risk of postoperative complication and analgesia-related adverse effects compared with TEA after matching. CONCLUSIONS: Given early TEA discontinuation after MIS and ICNB's noninferior pain relief, preemptive ICNB can be an alternative for TEA in patients undergoing MIS.

Predictive factors of perforated appendicitis: Impact of the C-reactive protein level.

BACKGROUND: Perforated appendicitis without an associated abscess necessitates emergency surgery. However, it is difficult to predict the presence of perforation before surgery, and the predictive factors are still unclarified. Our purposes were to characterize a patient population with perforated appendicitis without an associated abscess to identify the preoperative predictive factors of appendiceal perforation. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 150 patients who underwent appendectomy for acute appendicitis at our institution from June 2018 to November 2020. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the concurrent effects of various factors on the prevalence of perforated appendicitis. RESULTS: Forty (29%) of 150 patients had appendiceal perforation detected intraoperatively. Of these 40 patients, only 19 had appendiceal perforation detected on preoperative computed tomography. Multivariable analysis found that a higher C-reactive protein level, higher total bilirubin level, and the presence of an appendiceal fecalith were independent predictive factors for appendicitis with perforation. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that the presence of an appendiceal fecalith, a total bilirubin level of more than 21.38 µmol/L, and a C-reactive protein level of more than 3.0 × 104 µg/L are predictive factors of perforated appendicitis.

Successful Treatment of Protein-Losing Enteropathy After Superior Mesenteric Artery Occlusion without Surgery.

BACKGROUND Protein-losing enteropathy as a complication of superior mesenteric artery occlusion is extremely rare and severe, and sometimes requires intestinal resection. However, the ideal treatment strategy has not yet been determined. CASE REPORT A 77-year-old man with underlying hypertension and diabetes was admitted to the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain after eating. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed complete occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery with thrombosis, and superior mesenteric artery occlusion was diagnosed. It was successfully treated with interventional therapy, followed by continuous intra-arterial prostaglandin E1 infusion and continuous intravenous heparin infusion. However, the patient developed hypoproteinemia and diarrhea about 10 days after the interventional therapy. Colonoscopy and X-ray studies did not reveal any abnormal findings; however, technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin scintigraphy indicated protein-losing enteropathy. With total parenteral nutrition and protein-rich oral nutrition, with protein intake at twice the amount in a standard diet, serum albumin improved from 15 g/L to 32 g/L after treatment. Additionally, we administered diuretics to avoiding edema related to the hypoproteinemia. The patient recovered from the hypoproteinemia and diarrhea without complications. CONCLUSIONS Protein-losing enteropathy is an extremely rare but critical complication of superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Treating the underlying pathology is the mainstay of protein-losing enteropathy and dietary modifications also play a critical role. Our patient was successfully treated with strict nutritional therapy, combined oral protein-rich nutrition and total parenteral nutrition, which avoided surgery.

Trapping intermediate MLCT states in low-symmetry {Ru(bpy)} complexes.

The picosecond excited state dynamics of [Ru(tpm)(bpy)(NCS)]+ (RubNCS+ ) and [Ru(tpm)(bpy)(CN)]+ (RubCN+ ) (tpm = tris(1-pyrazolyl)methane, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) have been analyzed by means of transient absorption measurements and spectroelectrochemistry. Emissive 3MLCTs with (GS)HOMO(h+)-(GS)LUMO(e-) configurations are the lowest triplet excited states regardless of whether 387 or 505 nm photoexcitation is used. 387 nm photoexcitation yields, after a few picoseconds, the emissive 3MLCTs. In contrast, 505 nm photoexcitation populates an intermediate excited state that we assign as a 3MLCT state, in which the hole sits in a metal-centered orbital of different symmetry, prior to its conversion to the emissive 3MLCTs. The disparities in terms of electronic configuration between the intermediate and the emissive 3MLCTs have two important consequences. On one hand, both states feature very different fingerprint absorptions in transient absorption measurements. On the other hand, the reconfiguration is impeded by a kinetic barrier. As such, the conversion is followed spectroscopically and kinetically on the 300 ps timescale.