ABSTRACT
This study aims to understand the epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the paediatric population during the outbreak of the Omicron variant in Shanghai. We retrospectively analysed the population-based epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in children in Minhang District, Shanghai, based on the citywide surveillance system during the outbreak period in 2022 (March to May). During this time, a total of 63,969 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were notified in Minhang District, out of which 4,652 (7.3%) were children and adolescents <18 years. The incidence rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children was 153 per 10,000. Of all paediatric cases, 50% reported to be clinically symptomatic within 1-3 days after PCR confirmation by parents or themselves, with 36.3% and 18.9% of paediatric cases reporting fever and cough. Also, 58.4% of paediatric cases had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine and 52.1% had received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccination. Our findings are informative for the implementation of appropriate measures to protect children from the threat of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Adolescent , Child , Humans , China/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19 Vaccines , Disease Outbreaks , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Recycling crushed waste oyster shells (WOS) as a fine aggregate is an attractive method of disposal. However, its use in geopolymer mortar has not been reported. The influence of PVA fibres on the engineering properties of the new geopolymer mortar is still unclear. To bridge the gap, this study investigated the influence of various PVA fibre contents (0-1.05 vol%) on the flowability, compressive, flexural strengths, drying shrinkage, sorptivity, chloride resistance, porosity, fibre dispersion, embodied CO2 emissions (ECO2e), and embodied energy (EE) of the geopolymer mortar. The results indicated that the inclusion of 0.15-1.05 vol% of PVA fibres improved the flexural strength by 10.10-42.31% and reduced the drying shrinkage by 13.37-65.79%. The flowability and compressive strength decreased by 10.78-34.28% and 7.50-27.65%, respectively, but they were sufficient for construction. The sorptivity increased by 1.45-15.16%, and the chloride resistance decreased by 15.09-56.35%, but the geopolymer mortar was still classified as low chloride penetrability. In summary, the optimal content of PVA fibres is 0.45 vol%, and the geopolymer mortar has good engineering properties and eco-efficiency. The cost analysis and high-temperature resistance of the geopolymer mortar are neglected in this study, which should be evaluated in future work.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of anticoagulant to the quality of umbilical cord blood (UCB). METHODS: 6060 cord blood units (CBUs) were classified into five groups, such as 28 ml: (10-29) ml, 28 ml: (30-69) ml, 28 ml: (70-109) ml, 28 ml: (110-150) ml and 28 ml: (>150) ml according to volume ratio of anticoagulant and CBVs. The count of pre-cryopreservation total nucleated cell (pre-TNC), the viability of nucleated cell (VNC), the amount of CFU-GM and the ratio changes of CD34+ were evaluated and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: It was found that pre-TNC increased with the growth of volume of CBUs (r=0.9937) under the certain volume of antico-agulant, and the TNC in the minimum UCB volume group was (2.57±0.89)×108; the VNC grew up with the increasing count viability of volume (r=0.9897), and the average viability of the minimum volume group remained over 95%; the CFU-GM climbed up with the increasing of volume (r=0.9024), and the number of CFV-GM in minimum volume group reached to of 89/×105; CD34+% grew up with the increase of volume of CBUs (r=0.9641), and the ratio was (0.30±0.19)% for the minimum volume group. CONCLUSION: In certain volume of anticoagulant in collection-bag, pre-TNC, VNC, CFU-GM and CD34+% are all dropped with the decrease of CBUs volume , however, all above-mentioned indexes in the minimun random group still meet the requirement for clinical administration.
Subject(s)
Cryopreservation , Fetal Blood , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Tobacco control mass media campaigns are cost-effective in reducing tobacco consumption in high-income countries, but similar evidence from low-income countries is limited. An evaluation of a 2009 smokeless tobacco control mass media campaign in India provided an opportunity to test its cost-effectiveness. METHODS: Campaign evaluation data from a nationally representative household survey of 2898 smokeless tobacco users were compared with campaign costs in a standard cost-effectiveness methodology. Costs and effects of the Surgeon campaign were compared with the status quo to calculate the cost per campaign-attributable benefit, including quit attempts, permanent quits and tobacco-related deaths averted. Sensitivity analyses at varied CIs and tobacco-related mortality risk were conducted. RESULTS: The Surgeon campaign was found to be highly cost-effective. It successfully generated 17 259 148 additional quit attempts, 431 479 permanent quits and 120 814 deaths averted. The cost per benefit was US$0.06 per quit attempt, US$2.6 per permanent quit and US$9.2 per death averted. The campaign continued to be cost-effective in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that tobacco control mass media campaigns can be cost-effective and economically justified in low-income and middle-income countries. It holds significant policy implications, calling for sustained investment in evidence-based mass media campaigns as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy.
