Natural variation in MORE GRAINS 1 regulates grain number and grain weight in rice.

Grain yield is determined mainly by grain number and grain weight. In this study, we identified and characterized MORE GRAINS1 (MOG1), a gene associated with grain number and grain weight in rice (Oryza sativa L.), through map-based cloning. Overexpression of MOG1 increased grain yield by 18.6%-22.3% under field conditions. We determined that MOG1, a bHLH transcription factor, interacts with OsbHLH107 and directly activates the expression of LONELY GUY (LOG), which encodes a cytokinin-activating enzyme and the cell expansion gene EXPANSIN-LIKE1 (EXPLA1), positively regulating grain number per panicle and grain weight. Natural variations in the promoter and coding regions of MOG1 between Hap-LNW and Hap-HNW alleles resulted in changes in MOG1 expression level and transcriptional activation, leading to functional differences. Haplotype analysis revealed that Hap-HNW, which results in a greater number and heavier grains, has undergone strong selection but has been poorly utilized in modern lowland rice breeding. In summary, the MOG1-OsbHLH107 complex activates LOG and EXPLA1 expression to promote cell expansion and division of young panicles through the cytokinin pathway, thereby increasing grain number and grain weight. These findings suggest that Hap-HNW could be used in strategies to breed high-yielding temperate japonica lowland rice.

An optimized caries model of Streptococcus mutans in rats and its application for evaluating prophylactic vaccines.

Dental caries is a prevalent oral disease that mainly results from Streptococcus mutans. Susceptibility to S. mutans decreased rapidly after weaning in a well-known rat model. However, owing to the lack of time to establish protective immunity ahead of challenge, the weaning rat model is suboptimal for assessing prophylactic vaccines against S. mutans infection. In this study, we found that, in adult rats, S. mutans cultured under air-restricted conditions showed dramatically increased colonization efficacy and accelerated development of dental caries compared with those cultured under air-unrestricted conditions. We propose that S. mutans cultured under air-restricted conditions can be used to develop an optimal caries model, especially for the evaluation of prophylactic efficacy against S. mutans. Therefore, we used the anti-caries vaccine, KFD2-rPAc, to reevaluate the protection against the challenge of S. mutans. In immunized rats, rPAc-specific protective antibodies were robustly elicited by KFD2-rPAc before the challenge. In addition to inhibiting the initial and long-term colonization of S. mutans in vivo, KFD2-rPAc immunization showed an 83% inhibitory efficacy against the development of caries, similar to that previously evaluated in a weaning rat model. These results demonstrate that culturing under air-restricted conditions can promote S. mutans infection in adult rats, thereby helping establish a rat infection model to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of vaccines and anti-caries drugs.

[Clinical and genetic analysis of a child with West syndrome due to a de novo variant of NEXMIF gene].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and genetic variant of a child with West syndrome due to a variant of NEXMIF gene. METHODS: A child who was admitted to the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital in March 2021 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the patient was collected. The child and his parents were subjected to whole exome sequencing. Candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing and pathogenicity analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 4-month-old boy, had presented with spastic seizures with no obvious cause. Abnormal EEG, severe hypsarrhythmia, and multiple spastic seizures were discovered. Cranial MRI revealed widening of the extracerebral space at the top of the frontal lobe. Physical examination revealed that the child could not hold his head up, and could not respond to sounds or follow objects with his eyes. He also has microcephaly, with height < 1 s. The child was diagnosed with West syndrome at a local hospital, and was given prednisone orally for 3 months, with seizures under control. Topiramate tablets were taken orally for maintenance treatment, and he has been seizure-free for 7 months. DNA sequencing revealed that he has harbored a de novo nonsense variant of c.982_c.983delTT (p.L328Dfs*23) in the NEXMIF gene. CONCLUSION: For children with West syndrome with severe developmental delay or even regression as the first symptoms, uncontrollable seizures and abnormal facial appearance, mutations of the NEXMIF gene should be suspected, and genetic testing can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.

Nasal vaccination of triple-RBD scaffold protein with flagellin elicits long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants including JN.1.

Developing a mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is critical for combatting the epidemic. Here, we investigated long-term immune responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 for the intranasal vaccination of a triple receptor-binding domain (RBD) scaffold protein (3R-NC) adjuvanted with a flagellin protein (KFD) (3R-NC + KFDi.n). In mice, the vaccination elicited RBD-specific broad-neutralizing antibody responses in both serum and mucosal sites sustained at high level over a year. This long-lasting humoral immunity was correlated with the presence of long-lived RBD-specific IgG- and IgA-producing plasma cells, alongside the Th17 and Tfh17-biased T-cell responses driven by the KFD adjuvant. Based upon these preclinical findings, an open labeled clinical trial was conducted in individuals who had been primed with the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (IAV) vaccine. With a favorable safety profile, the 3R-NC + KFDi.n boost elicited enduring broad-neutralizing IgG in plasma and IgA in salivary secretions. To meet the challenge of frequently emerged variants, we further designed an updated triple-RBD scaffold protein with mutated RBD combinations, which can induce adaptable antibody responses to neutralize the newly emerging variants, including JN.1. Our findings highlight the potential of the KFD-adjuvanted triple-RBD scaffold protein is a promising prototype for the development of a mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Synthesis of Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Electrocatalysts with Atomically Regulated Nitrogen-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

Tuning the active site structure of metal-nitrogen-carbon electrocatalysts has recently attracted increasing interest. Herein, we report a bottom-up synthesis strategy in which atomically regulated N-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) of NxC42-x (x = 1, 2, 3, 4) were used as ligands to allow tuning of the active site's structures of M-Nx and establish correlations between the structures and electrocatalytic properties. Based on the synthesis process, detailed characterization, and DFT calculation results, active structures of Nx-Fe1-Nx in Fe1-Nx/RGO catalysts were constructed. The results demonstrated that the extra uncoordinated N atoms around the Fe1-N4 moieties disrupted the π-conjugated NxC42-x ligands, which led to more localized electronic state in the Fe1-N4 moieties and superior catalytic performance. Especially, the Fe1-N4/RGO exhibited optimized performance for ORR with E1/2 increasing by 80 mV and Jk at 0.85 V improved 18 times (compared with Fe1-N1/RGO). This synthesis strategy utilizing N-PAHs holds significant promise for enhancing the controllability of metal-nitrogen-carbon electrocatalyst preparation.

Understanding the toxicity risk of antibiotic emissions of aquaculture from the perspective of fluctuations concentration.

Organisms are generally exposed to target contaminant with stable concentrations in traditional ecotoxicological studies. However, it is difficult to truly represent the dynamics and complexity of actual aquatic pollution for risk management. Contaminants may enter nearby aquatic systems in pulsed exposure, thus resulting in that aquatic organisms will be exposed to contaminants at fluctuating concentrations. Especially during the season of summer, due to the changes in displacement or periodic emissions of veterinary antibiotics in aquaculture, algal blooms occur frequently in surrounding waters, thus leading to eutrophication of the water. Florfenicol (FFC) is currently widely used as a veterinary antibiotic, but the aquatic ecological risks of FFC under concentration fluctuations are still unknown. Therefore, the acute exposure, chronic exposure and pulsed exposure effects of FFC on Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated to comprehensively evaluate the ecological risk of FFC and raise awareness of the pulsed exposure mode. Results indicated that the toxic effects of FFC on M. aeruginosa were dominated by exposure mode, exposure duration, exposure frequency, and exposure concentration. The maximum growth inhibition rate of the 10 µg/L FFC treatment amounted to 4.07% during chronic exposure of 18 days. However, the growth inhibition rate decreased from 55.1% to 19.31% when algae was exposure to 10 µg/L FFC during the first pulsed exposure (8 h). Therefore, when the concentration of FFC was equal under chronic and pulsed exposure, FFC exhibited greater toxicity on M. aeruginosa in short pulsed exposure than in continuous exposure. In addition, repetitive pulsed exposure strengthened the resistance of M. aeruginosa on FFC. The adaptive regulation of algae was related to the duration and frequency of exposure. Above results suggested that traditional toxicity assessments lacked consideration for fluctuating concentrations during pollutant emissions, thus underestimating the environmental risk of contaminant. This investigation aims to facilitate the standardization of pulsed exposure.

Development and evaluation of nomograms and risk stratification systems to predict the overall survival and cancer-specific survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, and patients with HCC have a poor prognosis and low survival rates. Establishing a prognostic nomogram is important for predicting the survival of patients with HCC, as it helps to improve the patient's prognosis. This study aimed to develop and evaluate nomograms and risk stratification to predict overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in HCC patients. Data from 10,302 patients with initially diagnosed HCC were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2010 and 2017. Patients were randomly divided into the training and validation set. Kaplan-Meier survival, LASSO regression, and Cox regression analysis were conducted to select the predictors of OS. Competing risk analysis, LASSO regression, and Cox regression analysis were conducted to select the predictors of CSS. The validation of the nomograms was performed using the concordance index (C-index), the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Net Reclassification Index (NRI), Discrimination Improvement (IDI), the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curves, and decision curve analyses (DCAs). The results indicated that factors including age, grade, T stage, N stage, M stage, surgery, surgery to lymph node (LN), Alpha-Fetal Protein (AFP), and tumor size were independent predictors of OS, whereas grade, T stage, surgery, AFP, tumor size, and distant lymph node metastasis were independent predictors of CSS. Based on these factors, predictive models were built and virtualized by nomograms. The C-index for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS were 0.788, 0.792, and 0.790. The C-index for predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year CSS were 0.803, 0.808, and 0.806. AIC, BIC, NRI, and IDI suggested that nomograms had an excellent predictive performance with no significant overfitting. The calibration curves showed good consistency of OS and CSS between the actual observation and nomograms prediction, and the DCA showed great clinical usefulness of the nomograms. The risk stratification of OS and CSS was built that could perfectly classify HCC patients into three risk groups. Our study developed nomograms and a corresponding risk stratification system predicting the OS and CSS of HCC patients. These tools can assist in patient counseling and guiding treatment decision making.

Elucidating hepatocellular carcinoma progression: a novel prognostic miRNA-mRNA network and signature analysis.

There is increasing evidence that miRNAs play an important role in the prognosis of HCC. There is currently a lack of acknowledged models that accurately predict patient prognosis. The aim of this study is to create a miRNA-based model to precisely forecast a patient's prognosis and a miRNA-mRNA network to investigate the function of a targeted mRNA. TCGA miRNA dataset and survival data of HCC patients were downloaded for differential analysis. The outcomes of variance analysis were subjected to univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and LASSO analysis. We constructed and visualized prognosis-related models and subsequently used violin plots to probe the function of miRNAs in tumor cells. We predicted the target mRNAs added those to the String database, built PPI protein interaction networks, and screened those mRNA using Cytoscape. The hub mRNA was subjected to GO and KEGG analysis to determine its biological role. Six of them were associated with prognosis: hsa-miR-139-3p, hsa-miR-139-5p, hsa-miR-101-3p, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-5003-3p, and hsa-miR-6844. The prognostic model was highly predictive and consistently performs, with the C index exceeding 0.7 after 1, 3, and 5 years. The model estimated significant differences in the Kaplan-Meier plotter and the model could predict patient prognosis independently of clinical indicators. A relatively stable miRNA prognostic model for HCC patients was constructed, and the model was highly accurate in predicting patients with good stability over 5 years. The miRNA-mRNA network was constructed to explore the function of mRNA.

Assessing the impact of novel risk loci on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in a Chinese Han cohort.

Background: Overwhelming evidence points to that genetic factors contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) has come a long way in the last decade. So far, a large number of GWAS studies have been published on neurological diseases and many other diseases, providing us with a wealth of genetic information and unique biological insights. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from both patients' and controls' peripheral blood samples utilizing the Blood Genome Extraction Kit. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped employing the enhanced multiple ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) technology. Results: A case-control study was conducted, involving 211 AD patients, 508 PD patients (including 117 with dementia), and 412 healthy individuals. Age and sex stratification analysis revealed that rs871269/TNIP1 was associated with LOAD (p = 0.035), and rs5011436/TMEM106B was associated with AD in males (p = 0.044) in the genotype model. In the allele model, rs871269/TNIP1 was found to be associated with PD in the Chinese Han population (p = 0.0035, OR 0.741, 95% CI 0.559-0.983), and rs708382/GRN was identified as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) in the Chinese Han population (p = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) 0.354, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.171-0.733). However, no significant associations with AD or PD were observed for the remaining four loci (rs113020870/AGRN, rs6891966/HAVCR2, rs2452170/NTN5, rs1761461/LILRB2) in terms of allele or genotype frequencies. Conclusion: This study identifies rs871269/TNIP1 as a potential risk factor for both LOAD and PD, rs708382/GRN as a risk factor for PDD, and rs5011436/TMEM106B as associated with AD in males when stratified by age.

Plasma neurofilament light as a promising biomarker in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder lacking reliable biomarkers. This study investigates plasma protein levels as potential biomarkers of disease severity and progression in NIID. In this study, we enrolled 30 NIID patients and 36 age- and sex-matched controls, following them for 1-2 years. Plasma neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), and tau were measured using ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) assays. Disease severity was evaluated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and CNS symptom counts, in addition to neuroimaging data. Our study revealed that NIID patients has significantly higher plasma NfL (median, 35.2 vs. 8.61 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and GFAP (102 vs. 79.0 pg/mL, p = 0.010) levels compared to controls, with NfL emerging as a robust diagnostic marker (AUC = 0.956). NfL levels were notably higher in acute-onset NIID (77.5 vs. 28.8 pg/mL, p = 0.001). NfL correlated strongly with disease severity, including MMSE (ρ = - 0.687, p < 0.001), MoCA (ρ = - 0.670, p < 0.001), ADL (ρ = 0.587, p = 0.001), CNS symptoms (ρ = 0.369, p = 0.045), and white matter hyperintensity volume (ρ = 0.620, p = 0.004). Higher baseline NfL (≥ 35.2 pg/mL) associated with increased ADL scores, CNS symptoms, and white matter hyperintensity at follow-up. UCH-L1 and total tau levels showed no significant differences. Our results suggested the potential of NfL as a promising biomarker of disease severity and progression in NIID.

Abnormalities in Clostridioides and related metabolites before ACTH treatment may be associated with its efficacy in patients with infantile epileptic spasm syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is the first-line treatment of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS). Its reported effectiveness varies, and our current understanding regarding the role of gut microbiota composition in IESS treatment response is limited. This study assessed the microbiome-metabolome association to understand the role and mechanism of gut microbiota composition in IESS treatment outcomes. METHODS: Children with IESS undergoing ACTH treatment were enrolled. Pre-treatment stool and serum samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The children were divided into "responsive" and "non-responsive" groups, and gut microbiota and serum metabolome differences were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients with IESS, 14 responded to ACTH and 16 did not. The "non-responsive" group had larger maleficent Clostridioides and Peptoclostridium_phage_p630P populations (linear discriminant analysis >2; false discovery rate q < 0.05). Ten metabolites were upregulated (e.g., xanthurenic acid) and 15 were downregulated (e.g., vanillylmandelic acid) (p < 0.05). Association analysis of the gut microbiome and serum metabolome revealed that Clostridioides and Peptoclostridium_phage_p630P2 were positively correlated with linoleic and xanthurenic acids, while Clostridioides was negatively correlated with vanillylmandelic acid (p < 0.05). A classifier using differential gut bacteria and metabolites achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.906 to distinguish responders from non-responders. CONCLUSION: This study found significant differences in pre-treatment gut microbiota and serum metabolome between children with IESS who responded to ACTH and those who did not. Additional exploration may provide valuable information for treatment selection and potential interventions. Our results suggest that varying ACTH responses in patients with IESS may be associated with increased gut Clostridioides bacteria and kynurenine pathway alteration, but additional experiments are needed to verify this association.

Divergent electroencephalogram resting-state functional network alterations in subgroups of autism spectrum disorder: a symptom-based clustering analysis.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by etiological and phenotypic heterogeneity. Despite efforts to categorize ASD into subtypes, research on specific functional connectivity changes within ASD subgroups based on clinical presentations is limited. This study proposed a symptom-based clustering approach to identify subgroups of ASD based on multiple clinical rating scales and investigate their distinct Electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity patterns. Eyes-opened resting-state EEG data were collected from 72 children with ASD and 63 typically developing (TD) children. A data-driven clustering approach based on Social Responsiveness Scales-Second Edition and Vinland-3 scores was used to identify subgroups. EEG functional connectivity and topological characteristics in four frequency bands were assessed. Two subgroups were identified: mild ASD (mASD, n = 37) and severe ASD (sASD, n = 35). Compared to TD, mASD showed increased functional connectivity in the beta band, while sASD exhibited decreased connectivity in the alpha band. Significant between-group differences in global and regional topological abnormalities were found in both alpha and beta bands. The proposed symptom-based clustering approach revealed the divergent functional connectivity patterns in the ASD subgroups that was not observed in typical ASD studies. Our study thus provides a new perspective to address the heterogeneity in ASD research.

Upland rice genomic signatures of adaptation to drought resistance and navigation to molecular design breeding.

Upland rice is a distinctive drought-aerobic ecotype of cultivated rice highly resistant to drought stress. However, the genetic and genomic basis for the drought-aerobic adaptation of upland rice remains largely unclear due to the lack of genomic resources. In this study, we identified 25 typical upland rice accessions and assembled a high-quality genome of one of the typical upland rice varieties, IRAT109, comprising 384 Mb with a contig N50 of 19.6 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis revealed upland and lowland rice have distinct ecotype differentiation within the japonica subgroup. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that adaptive differentiation of lowland and upland rice is likely attributable to the natural variation of many genes in promoter regions, formation of specific genes in upland rice, and expansion of gene families. We revealed differentiated gene expression patterns in the leaves and roots of the two ecotypes and found that lignin synthesis mediated by the phenylpropane pathway plays an important role in the adaptive differentiation of upland and lowland rice. We identified 28 selective sweeps that occurred during domestication and validated that the qRT9 gene in selective regions can positively regulate drought resistance in rice. Eighty key genes closely associated with drought resistance were appraised for their appreciable potential in drought resistance breeding. Our study enhances the understanding of the adaptation of upland rice and provides a genome navigation map of drought resistance breeding, which will facilitate the breeding of drought-resistant rice and the "blue revolution" in agriculture.

Safety and efficacy of melatonin supplementation as an add-on treatment for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of melatonin as an add-on treatment for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS). Participants aged 3 months to 2 years with a primary diagnosis of IESS were recruited and assigned to two groups in a 1:1 ratio. Both treatment groups received a combination of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) for 2 weeks, and the treatment group also received melatonin (3 mg) between 20:00 and 21:00 daily, 0.5-1 h before bedtime. The study's primary endpoint was the average reduction rate in spasm frequency assessed by seizure diaries. Secondary endpoints included assessment of the response rate, EEG hypsarrhythmia (Kramer score), and psychomotor development (Denver Developmental Screening Test, DDST). Sleep quality was assessed by using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ), the Infant Sleep Assessment Scale (ISAS), and actigraphy. Safety parameters were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted on intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations. The trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ChiCTR2000036208). Out of 119 screened patients, 70 were randomized and 66 completed treatments. In the intention-to-treat population, there were no significant differences in the average percentage reduction of spasm frequency (median [interquartile range, IQR: Q3-Q1], 100% [46.7%] vs. 66.7% [55.3%], p = .288), the 3-day response rate (51.4% vs. 37.1%, p = .229), the 28-day response rate (42.9% vs. 28.6%, p = .212), EEG Kramer scores (2 [3.5] vs. 2 [3], p = .853), or DDST comprehensive months (5 [2.5] vs. 6 [6], p = .239) between the melatonin (n = 35) and placebo (n = 35) groups. However, caregivers reported improved sleep quality after melatonin treatment, with 85.7% reporting regular sleep compared to 42.9% with placebo (42.9%, p < .001). The melatonin group had lower ISAS scores in 4-11-month-old patients compared to the placebo (mean ± SD, 29.3 ± 4.4 vs. 35.2 ± 5.9, p < .001). Moreover, the median (IQR) value of sleep-onset latency was shortened by 6.0 (24.5) min after melatonin treatment, while that in the placebo group was extended by 3.0 (22.0) min (p = .030). The serum melatonin (6:00 h) level (pg/mL) of the children in the melatonin group after treatment was significantly higher than in the placebo group (median [IQR], 84.8 [142] vs. 17.5 [37.6], p < .001). No adverse effects related to melatonin were observed in the study, and there were no significant differences in adverse effects between the melatonin and placebo groups. Although not statistically significant, the results of this randomized clinical trial proved that melatonin supplementation, as an add-on treatment, can improve spasm control rate in the treatment of IESS. For IESS children treated with ACTH, the addition of melatonin was found to improve sleep quality, shorten sleep onset latency, and increase blood melatonin levels. Moreover, it was observed to be a safe treatment option.

High-intensity interval training attenuates impairment in regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice.

Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD + HIIT) groups for another 10 weeks (n = 9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration, and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined. HFD-fed mice exhibited lower ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05). However, 10 weeks of HIIT prevented this impairment (p < 0.05). Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser616) over Drp1(Ser637) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly higher in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05), but such increase was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, p < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in the HFD group than the LFD group (-35.1%, p < 0.05); however, such reduction was disappeared in the HFD + HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in the HFD group than the LFD group (15.5%, p < 0.05) but was ameliorated in the HFD + HIIT group (-29.9%, p < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylations and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.

For a Better Quality of Beef: The Challenge from Growing Livestock on Limited Grasslands with a Production-Consumption Balance Perspective.

The growing population, the transition dietary towards animal-based products, and the preference for the brand of grass-feeding livestock are bringing increasing pressure on natural grasslands, especially for dry-land areas. The Xilingol League of China is famous for its free-range livestock product, however, overgrazing and herders' benefits damage are always serious issues for this semi-arid grassland region. This study focuses on the relationship between the supply of natural grassland and the consumption of free-range livestock in the Xilingol League, and this study employed the grassland carrying capacity as the index to judge the sustainability states and its trends of the local grass-feeding system. Satellite data production of net primary production was used for grassland production, statistical livestock data and the consumption model were used for actual forage consumption, and empirical key informant interview data were used to obtain a more comprehensive understanding. The results show that: (1) the natural grassland carrying capacity of the Xilingol League fluctuated, showing improvement from 2000 to 2021; (2) the grassland management needs to be more diversified in different regions with different natural conditions; and (3) while the demand for free-range, high-quality beef is increasing, attention should be paid to the carrying capacity of natural pastures and more consideration should be taken of the benefits of balancing the livelihood of herders, policy strategies, and the customers' preferences. Potential ways of doing this include employing technologies to improve livestock production, and further exploring and promoting the economic value of the free-range livestock and the geographical indication to get the economic-ecological win-win situation. The research framework and results would be beneficial to reveal the potential threats in pastoral areas and provide support for the optimization of the regional grass-feeding breeding system, especially in middle-income countries.

CGP-Uformer: A low-dose CT image denoising Uformer based on channel graph perception.

BACKGROUND: An effective method for achieving low-dose CT is to keep the number of projection angles constant while reducing radiation dose at each angle. However, this leads to high-intensity noise in the reconstructed image, adversely affecting subsequent image processing, analysis, and diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: This paper proposes a novel Channel Graph Perception based U-shaped Transformer (CGP-Uformer) network, aiming to achieve high-performance denoising of low-dose CT images. METHODS: The network consists of convolutional feed-forward Transformer (ConvF-Transformer) blocks, a channel graph perception block (CGPB), and spatial cross-attention (SC-Attention) blocks. The ConvF-Transformer blocks enhance the ability of feature representation and information transmission through the CNN-based feed-forward network. The CGPB introduces Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) for Channel-to-Channel feature extraction, promoting the propagation of information across distinct channels and enabling inter-channel information interchange. The SC-Attention blocks reduce the semantic difference in feature fusion between the encoder and decoder by computing spatial cross-attention. RESULTS: By applying CGP-Uformer to process the 2016 NIH AAPM-Mayo LDCT challenge dataset, experiments show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio value is 35.56 and the structural similarity value is 0.9221. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the other four representative denoising networks currently, this new network demonstrates superior denoising performance and better preservation of image details.

CCL2 Promotes Novel Coronavirus-Mediated Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages.

PURPOSE: The hyperinflammatory response is one of the main complications associated with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is no effective treatment for cytokine storm. Therefore, it is important to investigate the key genes associated with severity of the disease. METHODS: In this study, we used a microarray data set to analyze the key genes associated with severe illness in patients with COVID-19. The proportion of immune cells was determined using the CIBERSORT algorithm. The key genes were further verified by detecting the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the serum of patients. Additionally, macrophages were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and chemokine ligand (CCL) 2. The expression of cytokines, ERK1/2, and NF-κB in macrophages was detected. RESULTS: Four hub genes were identified. Among them, C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) was an upregulated hub gene, while killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K member 1 (KLRK1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R), and CD3D human recombinant protein (CD3D) were downregulated genes. Immune cell type identification found that the proportion of monocytes was higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than that in controls. Moreover, levels of CCL2 were significantly higher in patients with COVID-19. When stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 S protein and CCL2, macrophages secreted more inflammatory cytokines. The expression level of ERK1/2 was elevated. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that S protein and CCL2 may mediate macrophage inflammatory responses through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This study provides a basis for clinical treatment and improves the prognosis of critically ill patients with COVID-19.

High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Impairment in Regulatory Protein Machinery of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle of Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of HIIT on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD+HIIT) groups and remained on HFD for another 10 weeks (n=9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration and regulatory protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined by immunoblots. Ten weeks of HIIT enhanced ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in diet-induced obese mice (P < 0.05) but did not improve whole-body insulin sensitivity. Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser 616 ) over Drp1(Ser 637 ) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, P < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in HFD group than LFD group (-35.1%, P < 0.05), however, such reduction was disappeared in HFD+HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in HFD than LFD group (15.5%, P < 0.05) but was ameliorated in HFD+HIIT group (-29.9%, P < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 activity and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.

Engineering Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Enhancing Kinetics of Acidic Volmer Reaction.

The design of active and low-cost electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the key to achieving a clean hydrogen energy infrastructure. The most successful design principle of hydrogen electrocatalyst is the activity volcano plot, which is based on Sabatier principle and has been used to understand the exceptional activity of noble metal and design of metal alloy catalysts. However, this application of volcano plot in designing single-atom electrocatalysts (SAEs) on nitrogen doped graphene (TM/N4C catalysts) for HER has been less successful due to the nonmetallic nature of the single metal atom site. Herein, by performing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations on a series of SAEs systems (TM/N4C with TM = 3d, 4d, or 5d metals), we find that the strong charge-dipole interaction between the negatively charged *H intermediate and the interfacial H2O molecules could alter the transition path of the acidic Volmer reaction and dramatically raise its kinetic barrier, despite its favorable adsorption free energy. Such kinetic hindrance is also experimentally confirmed by electrochemical measurements. By combining the hydrogen adsorption free energy and the physics of competing interfacial interactions, we propose a unifying design principle for engineering the SAEs used for hydrogen energy conversion, which incorporates both thermodynamic and kinetic considerations and allows going beyond the activity volcano model.