ABSTRACT
α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is a member of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) family, has often been ignored due to a lack of information. ALA has gradually attracted increased attention due to its nutritional and medicinal advantages. Studies have shown that ALA exerts beneficial effects on a variety of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we summarize the antitumor effects of ALA in the context of cell biology, including the inhibition of proliferation, the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, and antioxidant effects. In addition, studies have shown that ALA can be used as a drug carrier or exert positive clinical effects when combined with drugs. Therefore, the use of ALA in clinical treatments is very promising and valuable.
ABSTRACT
In this Letter, we propose that the x-ray and the TeV observations in the vicinity of Geminga can be understood in the framework of anisotropic diffusion of injected electrons or positrons. This interpretation only requires the turbulence in the vicinity of Geminga to be sub-Alfvénic with the local mean magnetic field direction approximately aligned with our line of sight towards Geminga, without invoking extreme conditions for the environment, such as an extremely small diffusion coefficient and a weak magnetic field of submicrogauss as suggested in previous literature.
ABSTRACT
Recent advances in understanding of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence call for substantial revisions in our understanding of cosmic ray transport. We use recently obtained scalings of MHD modes to calculate the scattering frequency for cosmic rays. We consider gyroresonance with MHD modes (Alfvénic, slow, and fast) and transit-time damping by fast modes. We conclude that the gyroresonance with fast modes is the dominant contribution to cosmic ray scattering for the typical interstellar conditions. In contrast to earlier studies, we find that Alfvénic and slow modes are inefficient because they are far from the isotropy usually assumed.
