ABSTRACT
·AIM: To investigate the correlation of matrix metalloproteinase -9 (MMP-9), glycated albumin (GA), glycosylated hemoglobin ( HbA1c ) and adipokines ( including visfatin, resistin and leptin ) with diabetic retinopathy ( DR) .·METHODS:From March 2015 to March 2017, 74 patients with DR were treated in our hospital, including 40 patients ( 80 eyes ) with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR ) and 34 patients ( 68 eyes ) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR ) , and diabetes mellitus 40 patients ( 80 eyes ) with non DR ( NDR ) and 40 healthy volunteers (80 eyes) were selected as controls, the levels of MMP-9, GA, HbA1c, visfatin, resistin and leptin in each group were detected.·RESULTS: PDR group visfatin was 4. 41 ± 0. 82ng/mL, was significantly lower than the NPDR group, NDR group and control group ( P<0. 05 ) , while, resistin, leptin and MMP- 9 were 9. 01 ± 1. 04ng/mL, 17. 96 ± 2. 03μg/L and 740. 06 ± 84. 43μg/L, GA and HbA1c were 26. 14%± 4. 57%and 17. 60% ± 1. 91%, significantly higher than those of NPDR group, NDR group and control group ( P<0. 05 ) . NPDR group visfatin was 6. 44 ± 0. 79ng/mL, was significantly lower than that of NDR group and control group (P<0. 05), while, resistin, leptin and MMP-9 were 7. 80±0. 87ng/ml, 15. 68±1. 98μg/L and 634. 12±80. 22μg/L,GA and HbA1c were 22. 06%± 4. 38% and 12. 46%± 1. 69%, significantly higher than those of NDR group and control group (P<0. 05). MMP-9, GA, HbA1c were positively with DR levels ( rs = 0. 523, 0. 461 and 0. 414, P<0. 05 );visfatin was negatively correlated with DR levels ( rs = -0. 433, P < 0. 05 ), resistin and leptin were positively correlated with DR levels (rs=0. 401 and 0. 460, P<0. 05).·CONCLUSION: MMP-9, GA, HbA1c, and adipokines may play a role in the development and progression of DR, in which MMP-9 is associated with adipokines, both are not significantly related to the levels of GA and HbA1c.
ABSTRACT
Accumulating evidence supports an important role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in diabetic retinopathy. We hypothesized that NGF has a protective effect on rat retinal ganglion RGC-5 cells injured by palmitic acid (PA), a metabolic factor implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications. Our results show that PA exposure caused apoptosis of RGC-5 cells, while NGF protected against PA insult in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, NGF significantly attenuated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in RGC-5 cells. Pathway inhibitor tests showed that the protective effect of NGF was completely reversed by LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), Akt VIII inhibitor, and PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Western blot analysis revealed that NGF induced the phosphorylation of Akt/FoxO1 and ERK1/2 and reversed the PA-evoked reduction in the levels of these proteins. These results indicate that NGF protects RGC-5 cells against PA-induced injury through anti-oxidation and inhibition of apoptosis by modulation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the corneal permeability of three different pirenzepine eye-drop solutions and provide reference for further clinical use. METHODS: Sixty-three New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups. Each group of rabbits received 2% pirenzepine (pirenzepine group), 2% pirenzepine with 0.1% hyaluronic acid (hyaluronic acid group), or 2% pirenzepine with 0.1% azone (azone group). One drop eye-drops was applied to conjunctive sac every 5 min for six times. Aqueous samples were obtained from each group at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0 h after the last drop, respectively. Concentration of pirenzepine in these samples was determined by the HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Stimulation symptom of rabbit eyes was also observed. RESULTS: The concentrations of pirenzepine in aqueous humor were (0.40 +/- 0.06) microg/ml at 0.5 h, (0.53 +/- 0.03) microg/ml at 1.0 h, (1.52 +/- 0.33) microg/ml at 2.0 h and (0.15 +/- 0.02) microg/ml at 4.0 h in pirenzepine group. Aqueous humor concentration of pirenzepine in both 2% pirenzepine with 0.1% azone and 2% pirenzepine with 0.1% hyaluronic acid were significantly higher than that of single pirenzepine application, and their bioavailability in the groups with combinations of pirenzepine with 0.1% azone or 0.1% hyaluronic acid were 23.0 times and 3.4 times higher than that of single pirenzepine usage. No obvious irritate symptom was found in rabbit of all three groups after eye-drop applying. CONCLUSIONS: The combination application of pirenzepine with azone or hyaluronic acid has higher corneal permeability compared with pirenzepine alone. This result indicates that azone and hyaluronic acid could be used in pirenzepine eye-drop solution to increase corneal permeability.
