ABSTRACT
Huizhou-Styled Village is a typical representative of the traditional Chinese ancient villages. It preserves plentiful information of the regional culture and ecological connotation. The Huizhou-Style is the apotheosis of harmony between the Chinese ancient people and nature. The research and protection of Huizhou-Styled Village plays a very important role in fields of ecology, geography, architecture and esthetics. This paper took Chengkan Village of Anhui Province as an exa-mple, and proposed a new model of ideal ecosystem oriented in theories of Feng-shui and psychological field. The new method of characterizing 3D landscape index was introduced to explore the spatial patterns of Huizhou-Styled Village and the functionality of the composited landscape components in a quantitative way. The results indicated that, Chengkan Village showed a spatially composited pattern of "mountain-forest-village-river-forest". It formed an ideal settlement ring structure with human architecture in the center and natural landscape around in the horizontal and vertical horizons. The traditional method based on the projection distance caused the deviation of the landscape index, such as underestimating the area and distance of landscape patch. The 3D landscape index of average patch area was 6.7% higher than the 2D landscape index. The increasing rate ofarea proportion in 3D index was 1.0% higher than that of 2D index in forest lands. Area proportion of the other landscapes decreased, especially the artificial landscapes like construction and cropland landscapes. The area and perimeter metric were underestimated, whereas the shape metric and the diversity metric were overestimated. This caused the underestimation of the dominance of natural patches was underestimated and the overestimation of the dominance of artificial patches during the analysis of landscape pattern. The 3D landscape index showed that the natural elements and their combination in Chengkan Village ecosystem reflected better ecological function, the key elements and the composited landscape ecosystem preserved higher stability, connectivity and aggregation. The quantitative confirmation showed that the Huizhou-Styled Village represented by Chengkan Village is an ideal ecosystem.
Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Ecosystem , Environment Design , Architecture , China , Ecology , Forests , Geography , Humans , Rivers , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
In order to investigate the effect of nighttime temperature (NT) on adult stage tomato plants in greenhouse, an experiment was conducted by using natural light growth chamber. Tomato plants were treated with 4 nighttime temperature as natural NT (CK), 14, 16, and 18 degrees C, on condition of the same daytime temperature (DT). Actual NT of CK, 14, 16, and 18 degrees C treatments were 13.1, 13.4, 14.7, and 16.3 degrees C, respectively. Physiological response, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and production of tomato plant under different NT treatments were determined. The results showed that, tomato plants under CK treatment suffered lower temperature press periodically, and the membrane system was damaged to some extent, resulting in the lowest dry matter accumulation and nearly no early yield (28 g mature fruit per plant). Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation of tomato plant under 14 degrees C treatment was increased significantly, early yield was 304 g per plant, and total production was increased by 58% (immature fruit included). As for the 18 degrees C treatment, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of tomato plant was significantly increased by 10.6%-12.5%, dry matter accumulation was increased by 26%, flower time was advanced by 4-12 days, fruit number per plant was 3.8, fresh matter per fruit was increased by 42.7 g, early yield per plant was 476 g, and the total production per plant was increased by 101%. All the items under 16 degrees C treatment were between those under 14 degrees C and 18 degrees C treatments. Therefore, at DT of 22 degrees C, the low NT limit was 13.4 degrees C and the optimal NT should be above 16.3 degrees C for greenhouse tomato plants in autumn and winter in North China.
