ABSTRACT
In vertebrate animals, the molecules encoded by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play an essential role in the adaptive immunity. MHC class I deals with intracellular pathogens (virus) in birds. MHC class I diversity depends on the consequence of local and global environment selective pressure and gene flow. Here, we evaluated the MHC class I gene in four species of the Turdidae family from a broad geographical area of northeast China. We isolated 77 MHC class I sequences, including 47 putatively functional sequences and 30 pseudosequences from 80 individuals. Using the method based on analysis of cloned amplicons (n = 25) for each species, we found two and seven MHC I sequences per individual indicating more than one MHC I locus identified in all sampled species. Results revealed an overall elevated genetic diversity at MHC class I, evidence of different selection patterns among the domains of PBR and non-PBR. Alleles are found to be divergent with overall polymorphic sites per species ranging between 58 and 70 (out of 291 sites). Moreover, transspecies alleles were evident due to convergent evolution or recent speciation for the genus. Phylogenetic relationships among MHC I show an intermingling of alleles clustering among the Turdidae family rather than between other passerines. Pronounced MHC I gene diversity is essential for the existence of species. Our study signifies a valuable tool for the characterization of evolutionary relevant difference across a population of birds with high conservational concerns.
Subject(s)
Genes, MHC Class I , Genetic Variation , Selection, Genetic , Songbirds/genetics , Alleles , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Bayes Theorem , China , Codon/genetics , Evolution, Molecular , Geography , Phylogeny , Recombination, Genetic/genetics , Species SpecificityABSTRACT
The immense plastic bags (PBs) consumption is the potential threat for environment and public health due to discharging toxic pollutants (i.e., metals and metalloids) throughout its entire life cycle. The purpose of the study was to investigate the heavy metal (HM) contents in PE, HDPE, LDPE and PVC bags with several colors and applications. The HM contents in the PB were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion. Results demonstrated that the HM contents in PB notably disagreed based on the used polymer types, colors and applications. The highest contents of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Cu and Zn were 66, 75, 16, 28, 96 and 154 in mg/kg unit, respectively in PE bags; 71, 74, 34, 39, 430 and 212 in mg/kg unit, respectively in HDPE bags; 12, 74, 23, 43, 158 and 54 in mg/kg unit, respectively in LDPE bags; and 16, 23, 474, 12, 45 and 90 in mg/kg unit, respectively in PVC bags. Furthermore, 12 out of 36 PB samples were noticed to violate the standards (ISO 8124-3) in terms of Pb, Cr, Cd and As contents. So there is the potentiality of HM and metalloid pollution from discarded PB during treatment, recycling and disposal.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the time distribution characteristics and the epidemic trends of imported malaria cases in Yunnan Province. Methods The malaria case records and epidemiological history data of Yunnan Province were collected, and the local infection cases were excluded. The data were statistical analyzed. Results The imported malaria cases had a sig-nificantly seasonal periodicity(Q=26.574,P0.05). By using the model to predict the cases in January,February and March of 2016,the num-ber(95％CI)were 29(7-50),22(0-44)and 31(8-54),and the actual number of imported malaria cases were 29,24 and 38 cases respectively and all cases were included in the 95％CI. Conclusion The imported malaria cases in Yunnan Province had a significantly seasonal periodicity and epidemic trends,and the established model has good prediction on the recent cases.
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Objective To understand the geographical features of malaria in Yunnan Province,so as to provide the refer?ence for malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria in Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2015 were collected and ana?lyzed. Results Totally 2 586 malaria cases were reported in Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2015,in which 274(10.60%) were local cases and 2 311(89.37%)were abroad imported,and one(0.03%)was domestic imported. The imported malaria cases and local cases were analyzed according to the sources and locations respectively,and the arithmetic means of the num?bers of imported and local cases were 96.29 and 10.96 respectively,the standard deviations of the numbers of imported and local cases were 421.18 and 19.12 respectively,and the difference of the means was not significant(Z=-0.326,P>0.10). Both the imported and local malaria cases could be clustered into five sections by the number of 5. The Herfendal?Hirshman indexes of the imported and local malaria cases were 8 121 and 1 598 respectively. Conclusions There is no significant difference of the distribution between the imported and local malaria cases,and they should be attaching equal importance. The non?uniform de?gree of imported cases is higher than that of the local cases,while both of them could be divided into five major clusters in the prevention and control work.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the polymorphism of histidine rich protein 2(HRP II)gene in Plasmodium falciparum (Pfhrp2)from falciparum malaria patients in Yunnan Province,so as to lay the foundation for studying the defection of antigen genes of Plasmodium. Methods The filter paper blood samples and related information of falciparum malaria cases reported were obtained in Yunnan Province from August 2012 to September 2015. Under the guidance of the specific primers,the exon2 regions in Pfhrp2 gene in P. falciparum from DNA samples were amplified by PCR,and the PCR products were sequenced. The sequences of exon2 region in Pfhrp2 gene were blasted by comparing with the reference sequences AY816237,AY816240,and AY816301. Next,the polymorphism of the sequence in exon2 region of Pfhrp2 gene was analyzed by MEGA 5.04 software. The conserved sites and genetic distances between sequences were calculated by using the software as well,and the clustering tree was drawn according to the genetic distances between the amino acid sequences. Results A total of 218 bloods samples from the falciparum malaria cases in 15 prefectures of Yunnan Province were collected,and the sources of infection included Yun?nan,Africa and Myanmar. The PCR results showed that the exon2 regions in Pfhrp2 genes of 155 samples were positive by am?plification and their products were sequenced successfully. The sequence analysis showed that the length range of the amino acid residues of exon2 region in Pfhrp2 gene was from 115 aa to 298 aa,the average length was 239.7 aa. There was no statistically significance among the means of the amino acid residues of the isolates from Africa( 239.9 aa),Myanmar(239.5 aa)and Yun?nan(241.6 aa)(F=0.025,P>0.05). All the 155 amino acid sequences ended with type 12 repeat,98.1%(152/155)of them started with type 1 repeat and 1.9%(3/155)of them started with type 2. Type 2 presented most frequently repeat in all the se?quences and the average repeat times were 12.9. The homologous locus of the DNA sequences in exon2 regions of the 155 Pfhrp2 genes was 894 bp,among which the conservative sites accounted for 20.6%(186/894),and the variable sites for 78.2%(699/894). The genetic distances between the sequences of Africa isolates ranged from 0 to 0.741,and those of the Myanmar and Yun?nan isolates were 0-0.948 and 0-0.750,respectively. The cluster analysis showed that all the 155 sequences clustered into 3 cat?egories on genetic distances between amino acid sequences according to the size of the amino acid sequence length. At the same level,the sequences had approximate lengths and amino acid repeat types. Conclusion The sequence of exon2 region in Pfhrp2 gene of P. falciparum from falciparum malaria cases in Yunnan Province is highly polymorphic,the P. falciparum iso?lates are clustered mainly according to the size of the amino acid sequence of exon2 region in Pfhrp2 gene.
ABSTRACT
According to an activity that create a model public health department , to strengthen internal man-agement, standardize the word flow, strive to achieve public interest, longterm, specification system and science of the public heath work , and strengthen the sense of mission and responsibility which general hospital of heath technical personnel should have .
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To study effect of liposome suspension on distribution of fluorescein sodium in the rat skin.METHODS:Using0.125%fluorescein sodium(NaFl)solution as control,the distribution of NaFl in epidermis and dermis at different time periods was observed under confocal laser scanning microscope in0.125%NaFl liposome suspension group(trial group).RESULTS:The fluorescent intensity peaks in epidermis and dermis of trial group were higher than those in skin layers of control group(P