The psychological factors mediating/moderating the association between body-image disturbance and depression: A systematic review.

Available evidence demonstrates that individuals with body-image disturbance (BID) are prone to suffer from depression. This systematic review provides, to our knowledge, the first synthesis of the psychological mechanism of the association between BID and depression. We conducted a thorough search of online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, for articles published up until February 2024. The final analysis comprised a total of 23 studies that focused on the mediating or moderating effects of psychological factors between depression and BID. This review identifies self-esteem and social support as both mediators and moderators of the relationship between BID and depression, while perceived stress acted only as a mediator. High self-esteem and strong social support as well as low levels of perceived stress may help individuals experience lower levels of BID, thereby contributing to a decreased likelihood of depression. Interventions aimed at increasing self-esteem, developing strong support, and decreasing perceived stress may hold promise to reduce the risk of depression in those with BID.

Body dissatisfaction and smartphone addiction: the mediation role of intrusive imagery and fear of negative evaluation.

This research aimed to examine the mediating effect of intrusive imagery and fear of negative evaluation on the connection between body dissatisfaction and smartphone addiction. 5,909 participants were included in the research, with 53.8% of the sample being female. The average age of the participants was 19.87 years, and their ages ranged from 18 to 32 years. All individuals who were recruited for the study successfully finished the Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Body Parts Scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale, the Intrusive Imagery Scale, and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Mediational analysis indicated that, with age, gender and body mass index under control, body dissatisfaction was linked to smartphone addiction via (1) the mediating role of intrusive imagery, (2) the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation, and (3) the serial mediating role of intrusive imagery and fear of negative evaluation. Our study for the first time advanced our understanding that intrusive imagery and fear of negative evaluation could be serial mediators of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and smartphone addiction. However, the cross-sectional design prevented us from establishing causality between these variables, which could be better examined in future longitudinal studies.

The Impact of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Peripheral Interleukin-6 Levels in Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There is interest in the role of peripheral interleukin-6 (IL-6) in depression and the effect of treatment (e. g., pharmacologic, psychosocial, neurostimulation). However, the relationship between cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), IL-6 and depression has not yet been established. We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between CBT and change of peripheral IL-6 levels in depressive symptoms or major depressive disorder (MDD). A systematic search of online databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library) was completed from inception to May 2021. In total, 10 eligible papers with 940 participants reporting peripheral IL-6 levels before and after CBT were included in the analysis. The main result indicates that peripheral levels of IL-6 were significantly lower after CBT intervention in individuals with depression, with a small effect (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.69, p = 0.02). The results of subgroup analyses demonstrate that (1) there was a significant decrease in IL-6 for studies that were equal to or <8 weeks in duration vs. more than 8 weeks in duration, and (2) IL-6 was significantly reduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis (i.e., DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, or DSM-V) of MDD, but not for the subgroup without DSM diagnosis. Publication year was identified as a potential contributor to heterogeneity of the results from our analysis. Taken together, our findings support the notion that CBT influences peripheral IL-6 in individuals with depression and represents a point of commonality with other antidepressant treatment modalities (e.g., antidepressants). Systematic Review Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/tr9yh, identifier: 10.17605/osf.io/tr9yh.

Association Between Perceived Levels of Stress and Self-Reported Food Preferences Among Males and Females: A Stated Preference Approach Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey.

Objective: Stress is a major public health challenge and is associated with undesirable eating behavior. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore whether there is an association between perceived level of stress and food preference among Chinese adults. Study Design: Perceived level of stress was measured using the Chinese version of the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale, whereas self-reported food preferences were investigated by means of five food classification questions, including questions regarding the consumption of fast food, salty snacks, fruit, vegetables, and soft/sugary drinks. Methods: The data were collected from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Information of 8,216 adults (≥18 years) on perceived level of stress, self-reported food preferences, and other important covariates was available and analyzed. Results: Perceived level of stress was negatively associated with a preference for fruit (ß = -0.58, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.34, p < 0.0001) and vegetables (ß = -1.13, 95% CI: -1.41 to -0.85, p < 0.0001), while it was positively associated with a preference for fast food (ß = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.08-0.64, p = 0.011) and soft/sugary drinks (ß = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.30-0.66, p < 0.0001) after adjusting for potential confounders. No association between a preference for salty snacks and perceived level of stress was found in either men or women. Conclusions: The present population-based study reported strong associations between perceived level of stress and self-reported food preferences among Chinese adults. Sex differences related to this association were also worthy of attention.

Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Smartphone Addiction and Depression.

This study aimed to determine whether smartphone addiction and depression sequentially mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors (e.g., restrained eating, emotional eating and external eating). A total of 5986 participants (54.1% females, average age = 19.8 years, age range = 17-32) completed the Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction with Body Parts Scale, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Smartphone Addiction Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mediational analysis showed that, after controlling for age, sex and body mass index, body dissatisfaction was related to disordered eating behaviors through (a) the mediating effect of smartphone addiction, (b) the mediating effect of depression, and (c) the serial mediating effect of smartphone addiction and depression. In conclusion, our study showed for the first time that smartphone addiction and depression can be sequential mediator variables in the association between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, this study is a cross-sectional study; future longitudinal studies could further test the causal associations between these study variables.

Culturally adapted and lay-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with depressive symptoms in rural China: a pilot trial.

BACKGROUND: Late-life depression issues in developing countries are challenging because of understaffing in mental health. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective for treating depression. AIM: This pilot trial examined the adherence and effectiveness of an eight-session adapted CBT delivered by trained lay health workers for older adults with depressive symptoms living in rural areas of China, compared with the usual care. METHOD: Fifty with screen-positive depression were randomly assigned to the CBT arm or the care as usual (CAU) arm. The primary outcomes were the session completion of older adults and changes in depressive symptoms, assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). RESULTS: The majority (19/24) of participants in the CBT arm completed all sessions. Mixed-effect linear regression showed that the CBT reduced more GDS scores over time compared with CAU. CONCLUSION: Lay-delivered culturally adapted CBT is potentially effective for screen-positive late-life depression.

Advantages and Challenges of A Village Doctor-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Late-Life Depression in Rural China: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: The delivery of mental health services in rural China has been notably limited due to lack of qualified mental health professionals among other impeding factors. A village doctor-based cognitive behavioral therapy intervention may be one way of improving accessibility. The purpose of this study was to explore the advantages and challenges of implementing this intervention, as delivered by trained village doctors, to treat late-life depression in rural China. METHODS: We conducted one focus group discussion with 10 village doctors, 10 individual interviews with each of the village doctors, and individual interviews with 19 older adults. The topic guides were advantages and challenges of the intervention program from the perspective of the village doctors and older adults. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded using NVivo 8, and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The village doctors stressed the importance of role-playing and using instructive manuals in the training. Proper supervision was also a key component of the program. The benefits received from the intervention for the village doctors and the elders were positive such that both the doctors and the older adults were willing to implement/receive this intervention. Cultural and political factors (renqing and perceived policy consideration) facilitated the elders' access to mental health services. Challenges included a lack of real therapy (in contrast to role-playing) demonstrated in the training and lack of a step-by-step manual based on different types of problems encountered. Other impediments to the successful implementation of the intervention included the time constraints of village doctors and the presence of other people when conducting the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has demonstrated that the intervention program is likely to be an acceptable geriatric depression intervention in rural China if several challenges are appropriately addressed.