SCTC: inference of developmental potential from single-cell transcriptional complexity.

Inferring the developmental potential of single cells from scRNA-Seq data and reconstructing the pseudo-temporal path of cell development are fundamental but challenging tasks in single-cell analysis. Although single-cell transcriptional diversity (SCTD) measured by the number of expressed genes per cell has been widely used as a hallmark of developmental potential, it may lead to incorrect estimation of differentiation states in some cases where gene expression does not decrease monotonously during the development process. In this study, we propose a novel metric called single-cell transcriptional complexity (SCTC), which draws on insights from the economic complexity theory and takes into account the sophisticated structure information of scRNA-Seq count matrix. We show that SCTC characterizes developmental potential more accurately than SCTD, especially in the early stages of development where cells typically have lower diversity but higher complexity than those in the later stages. Based on the SCTC, we provide an unsupervised method for accurate, robust, and transferable inference of single-cell pseudotime. Our findings suggest that the complexity emerging from the interplay between cells and genes determines the developmental potential, providing new insights into the understanding of biological development from the perspective of complexity theory.

Nrf2 expression, mitochondrial fission, and neuronal apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex of methamphetamine abusers and rats.

Methamphetamine (MA), a representative amphetamine-type stimulant, is one of the most abused drugs worldwide. Studies have shown that MA-induced neurotoxicity is strongly associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. While nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an antioxidant transcription factor, is known to exert neuroprotective effects, its role in MA-induced dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we explored the effects of MA on the expression levels of Nrf2, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), cytochrome c oxidase (Cyt-c), and cysteine aspartate-specific protease 3 (Caspase 3), as well as the correlations between Nrf2 and mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. Brain tissue from MA abusers was collected during autopsy procedures. An MA-dependent rat model was also established by intraperitoneal administration of MA (10 mg/kg daily) for 28 consecutive days, followed by conditioned place preference (CPP) testing. Based on immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis, the protein expression levels of Nrf2 and Mfn1 showed a decreasing trend, while levels of Drp1, Cyt-c, and Caspase 3 showed an increasing trend in the cerebral prefrontal cortex of both MA abusers and MA-dependent rats. Notably, the expression of Nrf2 was positively associated with the expression of Mfn1, but negatively associated with the expression levels of Drp1, Cyt-c, and Caspase 3. These findings suggest that oxidative stress and mitochondrial fission contribute to neuronal apoptosis, with Nrf2 potentially playing a critical role in MA-induced neurotoxicity.

Dual RNA sequencing of Helicobacter pylori and host cell transcriptomes reveals ontologically distinct host-pathogen interaction.

Helicobacter pylori is a highly successful pathogen that poses a substantial threat to human health. However, the dynamic interaction between H. pylori and the human gastric epithelium has not been fully investigated. In this study, using dual RNA sequencing technology, we characterized a cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA)-modulated bacterial adaption strategy by enhancing the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter-related genes, metQ and HP_0888, upon coculturing with human gastric epithelial cells. We observed a general repression of electron transport-associated genes by cagA, leading to the activation of oxidative phosphorylation. Temporal profiling of host mRNA signatures revealed the downregulation of multiple splicing regulators due to bacterial infection, resulting in aberrant pre-mRNA splicing of functional genes involved in the cell cycle process in response to H. pylori infection. Moreover, we demonstrated a protective effect of gastric H. pylori colonization against chronic dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mechanistically, we identified a cluster of propionic and butyric acid-producing bacteria, Muribaculaceae, selectively enriched in the colons of H. pylori-pre-colonized mice, which may contribute to the restoration of intestinal barrier function damaged by DSS treatment. Collectively, this study presents the first dual-transcriptome analysis of H. pylori during its dynamic interaction with gastric epithelial cells and provides new insights into strategies through which H. pylori promotes infection and pathogenesis in the human gastric epithelium. IMPORTANCE: Simultaneous profiling of the dynamic interaction between Helicobacter pylori and the human gastric epithelium represents a novel strategy for identifying regulatory responses that drive pathogenesis. This study presents the first dual-transcriptome analysis of H. pylori when cocultured with gastric epithelial cells, revealing a bacterial adaptation strategy and a general repression of electron transportation-associated genes, both of which were modulated by cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA). Temporal profiling of host mRNA signatures dissected the aberrant pre-mRNA splicing of functional genes involved in the cell cycle process in response to H. pylori infection. We demonstrated a protective effect of gastric H. pylori colonization against chronic DSS-induced colitis through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of how H. pylori promotes infection and pathogenesis in the human gastric epithelium and provide evidence to identify targets for antimicrobial therapies.

Primary anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma of the left bulbar conjunctiva: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is an aggressive and rare variant of diffuse LBCL. Herein, we report an uncommon case of stage IE extranodal ALK-positive LBCL initially originating in the bulbar conjunctiva. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old woman presented with a mass in the left bulbar conjunctiva that had persisted for six months, accompanied by swelling and pain that had persisted for 3 d. Eye examination revealed an 8 mm slightly elevated pink mass in the lower conjunctival sac of the left eye. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of large immunoblastic and plasmablastic large lymphoid cells with scattered anaplastic or multinucleated large cells. Immunophenotypically, the neoplastic cells were positive for ALK, CD10, CD138, Kappa, MUM1, BOB.1, OCT-2, CD4, CD45, EMA, CD79a, CD38, and AE1/AE3, and negative for CD20, PAX5, Lambda, BCL6, CD30 and all other T-cell antigens. The results of gene rearrangement tests showed monoclonal IGH/IGK/IGL and TCRD rearrangements. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies did not reveal any BCL2, BCL6 or MYC rearrangements. Furthermore, Epstein-Barr virus was not detected by in situ hybridization in the lesions. Based on the histopathological and imaging examinations, the neoplasm was classified as stage IE ALK-positive LBCL. No further treatments were administered. At the 6, 15, and 21 mo postoperative follow-up visits, the patient was in good condition, without obvious discomfort. This case represents the first example of primary extranodal ALK-positive LBCL presenting as a bulbar conjunctival mass, which is extremely rare and shares morphological and immunohistochemical features with a variety of other neoplasms that can result in misdiagnosis. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the condition presented in this case report is necessary for early and accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Optimal Parameter Configuration of a Microfluidic Chip for High-Throughput, Label-Free Circulating Tumor Cell Separation and Enrichment Based on Inertial Focusing.

To simply, quickly, and efficiently separate circulating tumor cells from blood has always been an enormous challenge. Leveraging the principle of inertial focusing, we here designed a simply structured microfluidic chip that maintained excellent CTC separation efficiency with high robustness and low velocity sensitivity across a broad velocity range. The parameter configuration of the chip was systematically examined, especially the most influential parameters such as the arc radius and arc angle. With optimal parameters, the designed chip achieved an outstanding particle separation efficiency of 99.8% and, more importantly, enabled the efficient separation and enrichment of CTCs in blood samples. This design can be readily integrated with other functional modules for further sample processing, serving as a promising tool for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics.

Virome Analysis of Aconitum carmichaelii Reveals Infection by Eleven Viruses, including Two Potentially New Species.

Aconitum carmichaelii is a herbaceous herb indigenous to China that has been cultivated for traditional medicine for centuries. Virus-like symptoms of A. carmichaelii plants were observed on leaves in some A. carmichaelii plantations in Zhanyi and Wuding Counties, Yunnan Province, southwest China. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) was performed on 28 symptomatic plants, and the results revealed infection with 11 viruses, including 2 novel viruses and 9 previously described viruses: Aconitum amalgavirus 1 (AcoAV-1), aconite virus A (AcVA), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), currant latent virus (CuLV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), tobacco vein distorting virus (TVDV), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Two novel viruses tentatively named Aconitum potyvirus 1 and Aconitum betapartitivirus 1, were supported by sequence and phylogenetic analysis results of their genomes. We proposed the names Potyvirus aconiti and Betapartitivirus aconiti. RT-PCR assays of 142 plants revealed the predominance and widespread distribution of CMV, AcVA, and AcoPV-1 in plantations. The detection of isolates of CuLV, ASGV, ChiVMV, TSWV, TVDV, and PLRV infections for the first time in A. carmichaelii expands their known host ranges.

Magnetic nanoagent assisted deciphering of heterogeneous glycans in extracellular vesicles of varied cellular origins.

Extracellular vesicles bear a rich glycome that presents versatile functions in diverse biological processes. Leverage polydopamine modified magnetic particles to serve as nanosized agents for rapid and robust EV capture and manipulation, we here integrated the easy magnetic actuation with specific lectin-glycan binding and enzyme-mediated fluorescence amplification and thus proposed a facile approach to efficiently decipher a broad spectrum of glycans in EVs. Termed magnetic nanoagent assisted extracellular vesicle glycan deciphering (MAEG), the developed assay utilized a magnet as the assistant operation tool and realized fast (∼1 h) and sensitive (a limit of detection of ∼0.7 µg/mL vesicles) EV glycan analysis in a simple low-cost (around 2.27 Chinese Yuan for one test) manner without requirement of any sophisticated platforms. With robust performance for different sample species, the assay achieved to depict the comprehensive glycosylation landscapes for varied EVs derived from eight cell lines focusing on non-small-cell lung cancer. Systematic analyses clearly revealed the high heterogeneity in glycan features of EVs of varied cellular origins. Using an established difference network method, unique glycan features in different EVs were sifted out and further compiled to construct lectin-denoted patterns as dedicated glycosylation fingerprints, potentially expanding EV-based clinical applications.

[Clinical Effect of Surgical Reconstruction of Extracranial Vertebral Artery].

Objective To evaluate the effect of surgical reconstruction of extracranial vertebral artery and to summarize the experience. Methods The clinical data of 15 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction of extracranial vertebral artery from September 2018 to June 2022 were collected.The operation methods,operation duration,intraoperative blood loss,operation complications,and relief of symptoms were retrospectively analyzed. Results Eleven patients underwent vertebral artery (V1 segment) to common carotid artery transposition,two patients underwent endarterectomy of V1 segment,two patients underwent V3 segment to external carotid artery bypass or transposition.The operation duration,intraoperative blood loss,and blocking time of common carotid artery varied within 120-340 min,50-300 ml,and 12-25 min,with the medians of 240 min,100 ml,and 16 min,respectively.There was no cardiac accident,cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome,cerebral hemorrhage or lymphatic leakage during the perioperative period.One patient suffered from cerebral infarction and three patients suffered from incomplete Horner's syndrome after the operation.During the follow-up (4-45 months,median of 26 months),there was no anastomotic stenosis,new cerebral infarction or cerebral ischemia. Conclusion Surgical reconstruction of extracranial vertebral artery is safe and effective,and individualized reconstruction strategy should be adopted according to different conditions.

CT findings and dynamic changes of COVID-19 in the patients younger than 18 years old infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant / 中国热带医学

@#navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the patients younger than 18 years old infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant, and to provide a basis for determining the chest CT changes and efficacy of COVID-19 caused by Omicron virus variant in patients younger than 18 years old. Methods　The clinical and imaging data of 30 cases of patients younger than 18 years old infected with COVID-19 Omicron variant, who admitted to the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen from February 11 to March 26, 2022 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The clinical manifestations, imaging features and dynamic changes of lesions were summarized. Results A total of 41 intrapulmonary lesions in 30 patients with COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. The main manifestations were patchy or nodular ground-glass opacities and/or consolidation, with focal subpleural distribution, lesions mainly occur in the right lung (70.73%, 29/41). There were 42 lesion morphologies, with 22 (52.38%) striped shadows and 16 (38.10%) nodular shadows, with small lamellar and patchy shadows predominating. There were 36 lesion density variations, with ground glass shadows being the most common, with a total of 24 ground glass shadows (66.66%) in each lobe of the lung, and also 6 consolidation lesions (16.67%) and 6 mixed ground glass opacity and consolidation lesions (16.67%). With the progression of the disease, lesions gradually enlarged, appeared on the 2nd day (312.93 mm3), peaked on the 9th day (1 837.18 mm3). The average absorption time of the lesions was (16±3) days, and there was no significant difference between the absorption time of patchy and nodular lesions (ground glass and/or consolidation) (t=0.853, P>0.05). The lesions showed focal ground-glass opacity in the early stage, 77.78% lesions were absorbed after treatment in the late stage. Inflammatory nodules were absorbed slowly (9-19 days), without residual fibrotic changes. Conclusions　The imaging manifestations of COVID-19 in patients younger than 18 years old infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant have certain characteristics, showed patchy or nodular ground glass opacities and/or consolidation, mainly distributed in the subpleural area, with small and few lesions and slow change, didn't remain fibrosis. Being familiar with its clinical and imaging manifestations can assist in early diagnosis, but confirming the diagnosis requires a combination of epidemiological history, clinical symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and radiological manifestations.

Fast, Reusable, Cell Uniformly Distributed Membrane Filtration Device for Separation of Circulating Tumor Cells.

Isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is of great significance for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of metastatic cancer. Among CTC capture methods independent of antibodies, membrane filtration-based methods have the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and high throughput but usually have problems such as clogging, high pressure drop, and impaired cell viability. In this study, we designed and tested a reusable device that used horizontal rotor and fluid-assisted separation to capture CTCs by centrifugal membrane filtration, achieving simple, fast, highly efficient, and viable cell capture on traditional centrifuge. The average capture efficiency was 95.8% for different types of cancer cells with >90% survival, and the removal of white blood cells can reach 99.72% under four times cleaning of the membrane after filtration. A further clinic demo was performed using the device to detect residual leukemic cells in patients; the results showed a 10-fold enrichment of the leukemic cells in peripheral blood samples. Taken together, the simple, robust, and efficient CTC capture device may have the potential for clinic routine detection and analysis of circulating tumor cells.

pH-Dependent mitigation of aluminum toxicity in pea (Pisum sativum) roots by boron.

Boron (B) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity are two major constraints on plants grown in acidic soils. B supply mitigates Al toxicity; however, the underlying mechanisms of this process remain elusive. In this work, Pisum sativum plants were used to address this issue. In the absence of pH buffers, B supply had a better mitigation effect on Al-induced root inhibition at pH 4.0 than pH 4.8. However, in MES buffered solution, mitigating effects of B on Al-induced root inhibition were more pronounced at pH 4.8, indicating a strong pH dependency of this process. Quantification of pH-dependent accumulation of Al in various root zones, modification of root pH by an exogenous addition of rapid alkalization factor (RALF), and measuring changes in the rhizosphere pH by fluorescent dyes have revealed operation of two concurrent mechanisms to explain alleviation of the inhibition of root elongation induced by Al toxicity by boron: (1) via enhancing rhizosphere pH under strong acidic stress (pH4.0), and (2) via stabilizing of cell wall by cross-linking with RGII at relatively higher pH (4.8). These findings provide scientific basis and support for the application of B fertilizers in the regions with inherited soil acidity.

Faecal microbiome and metabolic signatures in rectal neuroendocrine tumors.

Background: The prevalence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (RNET) has increased substantially over the past decades. Little is known on mechanistic alteration in the pathogenesis of such disease. We postulate that perturbations of human gut microbiome-metabolome interface influentially affect the development of RNET. The study aims to characterize the composition and function of faecal microbiome and metabolites in RNET individuals. Methods: We performed deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomic profiling of faecal samples from the discovery cohort (18 RNET patients, 40 controls), and validated the microbiome and metabolite-based classifiers in an independent cohort (15 RNET participants, 19 controls). Results: We uncovered a dysbiotic gut ecological microenvironment in RNET patients, characterized by aberrant depletion and attenuated connection of microbial species, and abnormally aggregated lipids and lipid-like molecules. Functional characterization based on our in-house and Human Project Unified Metabolic Analysis Network 2 (HUMAnN2) pipelines further indicated a nutrient deficient gut microenvironment in RNET individuals, evidenced by diminished activities such as energy metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis and transportation. By integrating these data, we revealed 291 robust associations between representative differentially abundant taxonomic species and metabolites, indicating a tight interaction of gut microbiome with metabolites in RNET pathogenesis. Finally, we identified a cluster of gut microbiome and metabolite-based signatures, and replicated them in an independent cohort, showing accurate prediction of such neoplasm from healthy people. Conclusions: Our current study is the first to comprehensively characterize the perturbed interface of gut microbiome and metabolites in RNET patients, which may provide promising targets for microbiome-based diagnostics and therapies for this disorder.

Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa B in condyloma acuminatum keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by human papillomaviruses. Five-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) can promote the apoptosis of keratinocytes and inhibit proliferation; however, the effect of ALA-PDT on the immune mechanism of CA tissue is not well understood. In this study, we examined the changes in Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in CA tissues before ALA-PDT treatment to determine its effects and possible immune mechanisms. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-peroxidase) was used to detect the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the keratinocytes of the patients with CA before and after ALA-PDT treatment. RESULTS: Before treatment, the positive TLR4 and NF-κB expression rates in the keratinocytes of the patients with CA were 86.53% (45/52) and 94.23% (49/52), respectively, whereas after treatment, these rates were 44.23% (23/52) and 38.46% (20/52), respectively. Positive TLR4 and NF-κB expression in the keratinocytes of CA was mostly ++ to +++ in intensity before ALA-PDT and mostly ranged from - to + after treatment. The positive expression rate and intensity of TLR4 and NF-κB in the two groups before and after ALA-PDT were significantly different (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the CA tissues after ALA-PDT (r = 0.486, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ALA-PDT may relieve local immunosuppressive states by reducing TLR4 and NF-κB expression and jointly promoting CA regression, which is a potential molecular mechanism of ALA-PDT in CA treatment.

Clinical characteristics and serum IgG, IgM antibody manifestations of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant strain / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the clinical characteristics and changes of serum IgG, IgM antibodies in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant. Methods　The clinical data of 82 patients with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant was analyzed retrospectively. Based on the presence of pneumonia on chest CT, the patients were divided into pneumonia group and non-pneumonia group. Serum IgG, IgM antibodies were observed at 5 time points T1 (1~<4 d), T2 (4~<8 d), T3 (8~<15 d), T4 (15~<22 d) and T5 (22~<30 d) after admission. Results　Among the 82 patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant strain, there were 62 cases of cough, 31 cases of fever, 33 cases of throat discomfort, 5 cases of muscle soreness and 3 cases of diarrhea. The serum IgG antibody levels at 5 time points were 50.22 (142.20) AU/mL, 326.50 (220.63) AU/mL, 368.23 (76.21) AU/mL, 368.65 (79) AU/mL, and 385.26 (113.10) AU/mL, respectively. The level of serum IgG antibody in the pneumonia group was lower than that of the non-pneumonia group at T1 and T4 time points, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) , the positive rate of serum IgG antibody in the pneumonia group was lower than that of the non-pneumonia group at the T1 time point, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . The serum IgM antibody levels at 5 time points were 0.41 (0.81) AU/mL, 0.95 (1.62) AU/mL, 1.09 (2.42) AU/mL, 0.74 (3) AU/mL, and 0.81 (3.10) AU/mL respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion　The clinical symptoms of patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant strain are mild. Serum IgG antibodies increased after infection, but there are some differences between the pneumonia group and the non-pneumonia group, whether serum IgG has a protective effect needs further research; the serum IgM antibodies do not increase highly after infection, there are some differences between individuals.

Association of Cancer Stem Cell Radio-Resistance Under Ultra-High Dose Rate FLASH Irradiation With Lysosome-Mediated Autophagy.

Cancer stem cell (CSC) is thought to be the major cause of radio-resistance and relapse post radiotherapy (RT). Recently ultra-high dose rate "FLASH-RT" evokes great interest for its decreasing normal tissue damages while maintaining tumor responses compared with conventional dose rate RT. However, the killing effect and mechanism of FLASH irradiation (FLASH-IR) on CSC and normal cancer cell are still unclear. Presently the radiation induced death profile of CSC and normal cancer cell were studied. Cells were irradiated with FLASH-IR (∼109 Gy/s) at the dose of 6-9 Gy via laser-accelerated nanosecond particles. Then the ratio of apoptosis, pyroptosis and necrosis were determined. The results showed that FLASH-IR can induce apoptosis, pyroptosis and necrosis in both CSC and normal cancer cell with different ratios. And CSC was more resistant to radiation than normal cancer cell under FLASH-IR. Further experiments tracing lysosome and autophagy showed that CSCs had higher levels of lysosome and autophagy. Taken together, our results suggested that the radio-resistance of CSC may associate with the increase of lysosome-mediated autophagy, and the decrease of apoptosis, necrosis and pyroptosis. To our limited knowledge, this is the first report shedding light on the killing effects and death pathways of CSC and normal cancer cell under FLASH-IR. By clarifying the death pathways of CSC and normal cancer cell under FLASH-IR, it may help us improve the understanding of the radio-resistance of CSC and thus help to optimize the future clinical FLASH treatment plan.

Ultra-High Dose Rate FLASH Irradiation Induced Radio-Resistance of Normal Fibroblast Cells Can Be Enhanced by Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Resulting From Loss of Cytochrome C.

Ultra-high dose rate FLASH irradiation (FLASH-IR) has got extensive attention since it may provide better protection on normal tissues while maintain tumor killing effect compared with conventional dose rate irradiation. The FLASH-IR induced protection effect on normal tissues is exhibited as radio-resistance of the irradiated normal cells, and is suggested to be related to oxygen depletion. However, the detailed cell death profile and pathways are still unclear. Presently normal mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were FLASH irradiated (∼109 Gy/s) at the dose of ∼10-40 Gy in hypoxic and normoxic condition, with ultra-fast laser-generated particles. The early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis of cells were detected and analyzed at 6, 12, and 24 h post FLASH-IR. The results showed that FLASH-IR induced significant early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis in normal fibroblast cells, and the apoptosis level increased with time, in either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. In addition, the proportion of early apoptosis, late apoptosis and necrosis were significantly lower in hypoxia than that of normoxia, indicating that radio-resistance of normal fibroblast cells under FLASH-IR can be enhanced by hypoxia. To further investigate the apoptosis related profile and potential pathways, mitochondria dysfunction cells resulting from loss of cytochrome c (cyt c-/-) were also irradiated. The results showed that compared with irradiated normal cells (cyt c+/+), the late apoptosis and necrosis but not early apoptosis proportions of irradiated cyt c-/- cells were significant decreased in both hypoxia and normoxia, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction increased radio-resistance of FLASH irradiated cells. Taken together, to our limited knowledge, this is the first report shedding light on the death profile and pathway of normal and cyt c-/- cells under FLASH-IR in hypoxic and normoxic circumstances, which might help us improve the understanding of the FLASH-IR induced protection effect in normal cells, and thus might potentially help to optimize the future clinical FLASH treatment.

Current Situation of Methamphetamine Abuse and Related Research Progress.

Drug problem is a major social and public security problem in the world. Drug abuse poses a great threat to economic development, social stability and public health. In recent years, synthetic drugs represented by methamphetamine have surpassed traditional drugs such as morphine, heroin, ketamine and become one of the most abused drugs in the world. In order to solve the problem of drug abuse, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to carry out all-round and multi-level scientific research on drug-related issues. Based on the current situation of drug abuse, this article reviews research progresses on the epidemiology of methamphetamine abuse, the monitoring technology, the basic researches on toxicity damage, the withdrawal drug screening, the related clinical comorbidity and the testing technologies, comprehensively presenting the development trend of methamphetamine abuse related issues.

A novel microfluidic device integrating focus-separation speed reduction design and trap arrays for high-throughput capture of circulating tumor cells.

Isolation and analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood provides a potential way to detect and characterize cancer. Existing technologies to separate or capture CTCs from whole blood still have issues with sample throughput, separation efficiency or stable efficiency at different flow rates. Here, we proposed a new concept to capture rare CTCs from blood by integrating a triangular prism array-based capture apparatus with streamline-based focus-separation speed reduction design. The focus-separation design could focus and maintain CTCs, while removing a considerable proportion of liquid (98.9%) containing other blood cells to the outlet, therefore, a high CTC capture efficiency could be achieved in the trap arrays with a high initial flow rate. It is worth mentioning that the new design works well over a wide range of flow rates, so it does not require the stability of the flow rate. The results showed that this novel integrated chip can achieve a sample throughput from 5 to 40 mL h-1 with a stable and high CTC capture efficiency (up to 94.8%) and high purity (up to 4 log white blood cells/WBC depletion). The clinical experiment showed that CTCs including CTC clusters were detected in 11/11 (100.0%) patients (mean = 31 CTCs mL-1, median = 25 CTCs mL-1). In summary, our chip enriches and captures CTCs based on physical properties, and it is simple, cheap, fast, and efficient and has low requirements on flow rate, which is very suitable for large-scale application of CTC testing in clinics.