ABSTRACT
In the present study, lysozyme-galactomannan conjugate (LGC) was fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, the immune activity of the fractions was confirmed, and a structural analysis of the glycoprotein was performed. A high-molecular-weight fraction of LGC (H-LGC), was characterized by using a method using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The glycated site of H-LGC was determined to be the lysine (Lys)115 residue. In addition, about 1mol of galactomannan (G) was linked to 1mol of lysozyme (L) in LGC based on the binding weight ratio. Conjugation of L and G reduced the aggregation of particles, resulting in a monodispersion based on measurement of dynamic light scattering. LGC in solution showed heterogeneous shapes with a mean size of 337nm. Therefore, we suggest that LGC improves the immune-enhancing activity as G conjugates the site of Lys115 on L, and provides higher solubility with reduced aggregation for the industrial use of LGC as a food constituent.
Subject(s)
Immunologic Factors/chemistry , Mannans/chemistry , Muramidase/chemistry , Animals , Chromatography, Ion Exchange , Galactose/analogs & derivatives , Glycoproteins/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Maillard Reaction , Mannans/pharmacology , Mass Spectrometry , Mice , Muramidase/pharmacology , RAW 264.7 Cells , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationABSTRACT
Unripe green apples contain condensed tannins at 10 times higher levels than ripe apples. Tannin not only has strong antioxidant activity, but also an astringent property. In this study, we investigated the effects of green apple rind (GAR) extracts in reducing facial pores and sebum secretion. Among the GAR extracts, the 70% ethanol GAR extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and tannin content. Hence, it was further fractionated with different solvents. Among these rind solvent fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract (GAR-E) showed astringent activity. Additionally, it exhibited inhibitory effects on 5-α reductase, and induced type 1 collagen and involucrin synthesis. These results suggest that GAR-E can be applied in cosmetics to reduce facial pore size and sebum secretion.
