Physiological Mechanisms by Which the Functional Ingredients in Beer Impact Human Health.

Nutritional therapy, for example through beer, is the best solution to human chronic diseases. In this article, we demonstrate the physiological mechanisms of the functional ingredients in beer with health-promoting effects, based on the PubMed, Google, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases, published from 1997 to 2024. Beer, a complex of barley malt and hops, is rich in functional ingredients. The health effects of beer against 26 chronic diseases are highly similar to those of barley due to the physiological mechanisms of polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids), melatonin, minerals, bitter acids, vitamins, and peptides. Functional beer with low purine and high active ingredients made from pure barley malt, as well as an additional functional food, represents an important development direction, specifically, ginger beer, ginseng beer, and coix-lily beer, as consumed by our ancestors ca. 9000 years ago. Low-purine beer can be produced via enzymatic and biological degradation and adsorption of purines, as well as dandelion addition. Therefore, this review paper not only reveals the physiological mechanisms of beer in overcoming chronic human diseases, but also provides a scientific basis for the development of functional beer with health-promoting effects.

Health-promoting compounds in Amomum villosum Lour and Amomum tsao-ko: Fruit essential oil exhibiting great potential for human health.

The Zingiberaceae family serves as a diverse repository of bioactive phytochemicals, comprising approximately 52 genera and 1300 species of aromatic perennial herbs distinguished by their distinct creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes. Amomum villosum Lour. and Amomum tsao-ko Crevost & Lemaire., are the important plants of family Zingiberaceae that have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments. The Amomum species are employed for their aromatic qualities and are valued as spices and flavorings. In the essential oils (EOs) of Amomum species, notable constituents include, camphor, methyl chavicol, bornyl acetate, trans-p-(1-butenyl) anisole, α-pinene, and ß-pinene. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to present an overview of pharmacological studies pertaining to the extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from both species. The foremost objective of review is not only to increase the popularity of Amomum as a healthy food choice but also to enhance its status as a staple ingredient for the foreseeable future. RESULT: We endeavored to gather the latest information on antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiobesity, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of plants as well as their role in neuroprotective diseases. Research conducted through in-vitro studies, animal model, and compounds analysis have revealed that both plants exhibit a diverse array health promoting properties. CONCLUSION: the comprehensive review paper provides valuable insights into the diverse range of bioactive phytochemicals found in A. villosum and A. tsao-ko, showcasing their potential in preventing diseases and promoting overall human well-being. The compilation of information on their various health-enhancing properties contributes to the broader understanding of these plants and their potential applications in traditional medicine and beyond.

Effects of topping and non-topping on growth-regulating hormones of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)-a proteomic analysis.

Introduction: Until now, the mechanism underlying the impact of topping on hormone regulation in tobacco plants remains unclear, and most studies investigating the hormone signaling pathways in plants rely on genes or transcriptional pathways. Methods: This study examines the regulatory mechanisms of hormones in the roots and leaves of tobacco plants with and without topping at the protein level. Results: The results demonstrate that, compared with non-topped plants, topping leads to a decrease in the levels of IAA (auxin), ABA (abscisic acid), and GA (gibberellin) hormones in the leaves, whereas the content of the JA (jasmonic acid) hormone increases. Furthermore, in the roots, topping results in an increase in the levels of IAA, ABA, and JA hormones, along with a decrease in GA content. In the leaves, a total of 258 significantly different proteins were identified before and after topping, with 128 proteins upregulated and 130 proteins downregulated. In the roots, there were 439 proteins with significantly different quantities before and after topping, consisting of 211 upregulated proteins and 228 downregulated proteins. Notably, these proteins were closely associated with the metabolic and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites, as indicated by functional categorization. Conclusions: When integrating the hormone changes and the proteomics results, it is evident that topping leads to increased metabolic activity and enhanced hormone synthesis in the root system. This research provides a theoretical foundation for further investigations into the regulation and signaling mechanisms of hormones at the protein level before and after topping in plants.

Identification of lignans and quality assessment in Dendrobium officinale under different cultivation modes.

RATIONALE: Lignans have attracted much attention from researchers because of their wide distribution and industrial applications in plants, as well as the remarkable diversity of their biological activities. As the literature has mainly focused on the extraction and identification of monomeric compounds of lignans, most lignans in Dendrobium officinale, a traditional Chinese medicine with a long cultivation history and rich sources, have not been detected using quality control methods. The aim of this study was to identify the lignans in Dactilon officinale. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array detection and HPLC multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical constituents of D. officinale. Simultaneously, the characteristic chromatograms of D. officinale were established. Additionally, a method was established to determine the content of syringaresinol-4,4'-di-O-ß-D-glucoside, syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside and syringaresinol. RESULTS: Thirty-three lignans, including 17 tetrahydrofuran lignans, two dibenzylbutane lignans, three aryl tetrahydronaphthalene lignans and 11 8-O-4'-neolignans, were tentatively identified from the methanol extract of the stems of D. officinale. This is the first report of 8-O-4'-neolignans from D. officinale. In addition, a total of eight characteristic peaks were marked in characteristic chromatograms, which were identified as lyoniresinol-9'-O-ß-D-glucoside, syringaresinol-4,4'-di-O-ß-D-glucoside, 8-hydroxy-syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside, 5,5'-dimethoxy-lariciresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside, syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside, 4-hydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-7'-ene-9,9'-diol-9-O-ß-D-glucoside, 4-hydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-7'-ene-9,9'-diol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside and syringaresinol. Our results showed that no significant difference occurred in lignan composition among the 99 batches of D. officinale from different sources. However, the peak areas of the lignans of D. officinale planted under simulated wild culture were generally higher than those in greenhouses, and showed an upward trend with the increase in growth years. The average contents of syringaresinol-4,4'-di-O-ß-D-glucoside, syringaresinol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside and syringaresinol were 10.112-179.873, 51.227-222.294 and 6.368-120.341 µg/g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a basis for improving the quality control of D. officinale and could provide references for the identification of lignans in other Dendrobium species.

Non-deep physiological dormancy and germination characteristics of Primula florindae (Primulaceae), a rare alpine plant in the Hengduan Mountains of southwest China.

Timing of seed germination is directly related to the survival probability of seedlings. For alpine plants, autumn-dispersal seeds should not germinate immediately because the cold temperature is not conducive to the survival of seedlings. Seed dormancy is a characteristic of the seed that prevents it from germinating after dispersal. Primula florindae is an alpine perennial forb endemic to eastern Tibet, SW China. We hypothesized that primary dormancy and environmental factors prevent seeds of P. florindae to germinate in autumn and allow them to germinate at the first opportunity in spring. We determined how GA3, light, temperature, dry after-ripening (DAR) and cold-wet stratification (CS) treatments affect seed germination by conducting a series of laboratory experiments. Firstly, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3; 0, 20, and 200 mg L-1) on germination of freshly shed seeds at alternating temperatures (15/5 and 25/15 °C) were immediately investigated to characterize seed with a physiological dormancy component. Then, the fresh seeds treated with 0, 3, and 6 months of after-ripening (DAR) and cold-wet stratification (CS) were incubated at seven constant (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and two alternating temperatures (5/1, 15/5, and 25/15 °C) at light and dark conditions. Fresh seeds were dormant, which only germinated well (>60%) at 20, 25, and 25/15 °C in light but not at ≤15 °C and to higher percentages in light than in dark. GA3 increased germination percentage of fresh seeds, and DAR or CS treatments increased final germination percentage, germination rate (speed), and widened the temperature range for germination from high to low. Moreover, CS treatments reduced the light requirement for germination. Thus, after dormancy release, seeds germinated over a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures, regardless of light conditions. Our results demonstrated that P. florindae seeds have type 2 non-deep physiological dormancy. Timing of germination should be restricted to early spring, ensuring a sufficient length of the growing season for seedling recruitment. These dormancy/germination characteristics prevent seeds from germinating in autumn when temperatures are low but allow them to germinate after snowmelt in spring.

Identification of bibenzyls and evaluation of imitative wild planting techniques in Dendrobium officinale by HPLC-ESI-MSn.

Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese herb with beneficial properties. Modern pharmacological studies show that bibenzyl is one of the antitumor active ingredients, but there is no effective quality control method for identifying ingredients. In this study, the composition of bibenzyls in Dendrobium officinale was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MSn ). A total of nine isolated bibenzyls and their glycosides, 22 bis (bibenzyls), and two phenylpropanol bibenzyl derivatives were identified. The results of HPLC characteristic chromatogram analysis and statistical analysis showed that the relative content of bibenzyls in wild imitation cultivation of samples had been significantly higher than that in greenhouse cultivation. In addition, the relative content of bibenzyls increased with the growth of the original plant. This study provided a scientific reference for controlling the quality of bibenzyls in Dendrobium officinale, developing the cultivation technology and improving the quality of Dendrobium officinale. HIGHLIGHTS: HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the analysis of bibenzyls and bis (bibenzyls) in Dendrobium officinale. Easy-to-use method facilitating rapid measurement of large sample quantities. The method requires only small volumes of samples for the analysis. Applicable for the establishment of Chinese medicine studies and the quality control standard of Chinese herbs.

The significance of recent diversification in the Northern Hemisphere in shaping the modern global flora revealed from the herbaceous tribe of Rubieae (Rubiaceae).

The global herbaceous flora is probably shaped by both ancient and/or recent diversification, companied with the impacts from geographic differences between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Therefore, its biogeographic pattern with respect to temporal and spatial divergence is far from full understanding. Tribe Rubieae, the largest herbaceous tribe in the woody-dominant Rubiaceae, provides an excellent opportunity for studying the macroevolution of worldwide colonization. Here, we aim to reconstruct the evolutionary history of Rubieae with regard to climate fluctuation and geological history in the Cenozoic. A total of 204 samples of Rubieae representing all the distribution areas of the tribe were used to infer its phylogenetic and biogeographic histories based on two nrDNA and six cpDNA regions. The ancestral area of Rubieae was reconstructed using a time-calibrated phylogeny in RASP and diversification rates were inferred using Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures (BAMM). Our results show Rubieae probably originated in European region during the middle Oligocene, with the two subtribes separating at 26.8 million years ago (Ma). All the genera in Rubieae formed separate clades between 24.79 and 6.23 Ma. The ancestral area of the subtribe Rubiinae was the Madrean-Tethyan plant belt and the North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) provided passage between North America and Europe for Rubiinae. The subtribe Galiinae clade originated in Europe/central Asia during the late Oligocene. Two diversification shifts were detected within Rubieae in the late Neogene. Most extant Rubieae species diverged recently during the Neogene within clades that generally were established during the late Paleogene. The tribe shows complex migration/dispersal patterns within the North Hemisphere combined with multiple recent dispersals into Southern Hemisphere. Our results highlighted the important role of recent biogeographic diversification in the Northern Hemisphere in shaping the modern global herbaceous flora during the latest and rapid worldwide expansion in the Neogene.

Actional Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Functional Food Adlay for Human Health.

Medicinal and food homologous adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) plays an important role in natural products promoting human health. We demonstrated the systematic actional mechanism of functional ingredients in adlay to promote human health, based on the PubMed, CNKI, Google, and ISI Web of Science databases from 1988 to 2022. Adlay and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients with more than 20 health effects based on human and animal or cell cultures: they are anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, liver protective, anti-virus, gastroprotective, cardiovascular protective, anti-hypertension, heart disease preventive, melanogenesis inhibiting, anti-allergy, endocrine regulating, anti-diabetes, anti-cachexia, osteoporosis preventive, analgesic, neuroprotecting, suitable for the treatment of gout arthritis, life extending, anti-fungi, and detoxifying effects. Function components with anti-oxidants are rich in adlay. These results support the notion that adlay seeds may be one of the best functional foods and further reveal the action mechanism of six major functional ingredients (oils, polysaccharides, phenols, phytosterols, coixol, and resistant starch) for combating diseases. This review paper not only reveals the action mechanisms of adding adlay to the diet to overcome 17 human diseases, but also provides a scientific basis for the development of functional foods and drugs for the treatment of human diseases.

The complete plastid genome of Kelloggia chinensis Franch. (Rubiaceae), an endemic species from East Asia.

Kelloggia chinensis Franch. is an herbal plant species endemic to East Asia. Its complete plastid genome sequence is 155, 665 bp in length, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85, 788 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 16, 977 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 26, 450 bp. The whole plastid genome contains 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of K. chinensis plastid genome is 37.1%. K. chinesis is evolutionarily close to tribe Rubieae according to the Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on 12 taxa.

Seed Dormancy and Soil Seed Bank of the Two Alpine Primula Species in the Hengduan Mountains of Southwest China.

The timing of germination has long been recognized as a key seedling survival strategy for plants in highly variable alpine environments. Seed dormancy and germination mechanisms are important factors that determining the timing of germination. To gain an understanding of how these mechanisms help to synchronize the germination event to the beginning of the growing season in two of the most popular Primula species (P. secundiflora and P. sikkimensis) in the Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China, we explored their seed dormancy and germination characteristics in the laboratory and their soil seed bank type in the field. Germination was first tested using fresh seeds at two alternating temperatures (15/5 and 25/15°C) and five constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C) in light and dark, and again after dry after-ripening at room temperature for 6 months. Germination tests were also conducted at a range of temperatures (5-30, 25/15, and 15/5°C) in light and dark for seeds dry cold stored at 4°C for 4 years, after which they were incubated under the above-mentioned incubation conditions after different periods (4 and 8 weeks) of cold stratification. Base temperatures (T b) and thermal times for 50% germination (θ 50) were calculated. Seeds were buried at the collection site to test persistence in the soil for 5 years. Dry storage improved germination significantly, as compared with fresh seeds, suggesting after-ripening released physiological dormancy (PD); however, it was not sufficient to break dormancy. Cold stratification released PD completely after dry storage, increasing final germination, and widening the temperature range from medium to both high and low; moreover, the T b and θ 50 for germination decreased. Fresh seeds had a light requirement for germination, facilitating formation of a persistent soil seed bank. Although the requirement reduced during treatments for dormancy release or at lower alternating temperatures (15/5°C), a high proportion of viable seeds did not germinate even after 5 years of burial, showing that the seeds of these two species could cycle back to dormancy if the conditions were unfavorable during spring. In this study, fresh seeds of the two Primula species exhibited type 3 non-deep physiological dormancy and required light for germination. After dormancy release, they had a low thermal requirement for germination control, as well as rapid seed germination in spring and at/near the soil surface from the soil seed bank. Such dormancy and germination mechanisms reflect a germination strategy of these two Primula species, adapted to the same alpine environments.

Cold stratification, temperature, light, GA3, and KNO3 effects on seed germination of Primula beesiana from Yunnan, China.

Primula beesiana Forr. is an attractive wildflower endemically distributed in the wet habitats of subalpine/alpine regions of southwestern China. This study is an attempt to understand how this plant adapts to wet habitats and high altitudes. Specifically, we examined the effects of cold stratification, light, GA3, KNO3, and temperature on P. beesiana seed germination. KNO3 and GA3 increased germination percentage and germination rate compared to control treatments at 15/5 and 25/15 °C. Untreated seeds germinated well (> 80%) at higher temperatures (20, 25 and 28 °C), whereas at lower (5, 10 and 15 °C) and extremely high temperatures (30 and 32 °C) germination decreased significantly. However, after cold stratification (4-16 weeks), the germination percentage of P. beesiana seeds at low temperatures (5-15 °C) and the germination rate at high temperatures (30 °C) increased significantly, suggesting that P. beesiana has type 3 non-deep physiological dormancy. The base temperature and thermal time for germination decreased in seeds that were cold stratified for 16 weeks. Cold-stratified seeds incubated at fluctuating temperatures (especially at 15/5 °C) had significantly high germination percentages and germination rates in light, but not in dark, compared to the corresponding constant temperature (10 °C). Seeds had a strict light requirement at all temperatures, even after experiencing cold stratification; however, the combinations of cold stratification and fluctuating temperature increased germination when seeds were transferred from dark to light. Such dormancy/germination responses to light and temperature are likely mechanisms that ensure germination occurs only in spring and at/near the soil surface, thus avoiding seedling death by freezing, inundation and/or germination deep in the soil.

Molecular phylogeny of Galium L. of the tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae) - Emphasis on Chinese species and recognition of a new genus Pseudogalium.

Galium L. is the largest genus in the tribe Rubieae, with about 667 species distributed worldwide. Previous researches mainly focused on species from the Americas and Europe. In the present paper, we greatly increased the number of samples examined from eastern Asia (especially China), representing the most comprehensive sampling of Galium to date. A total of 194 species and variations (subspecies) of Galium were sampled to determine phylogenetic relationships, using two nuclear and five chloroplast markers. Our data are largely consistent with all previous phylogenetic results and confirmed that Galium is non-monophyletic, as are most of its sections. Most members of Galium, including the Chinese taxa, fall into three large clades mixed with other genera from the Galium s.l. group; the exception being the distinct Galium paradoxum Maxim., the first diverged lineage in the Galium s.l. group, which was treated as a new genus (Pseudogalium L.-E. Yang, Z.-L. Nie & H. Sun, gen. nov.). The Galium s.s is a well-supported clade comprised entirely of Galium species, usually with six or more leaves per whorl, mostly from the Old World. Samples from G. maximowiczii (Kom.) Pobed, G. sect. Depauperata and sect. Aparinoides, together with a few from Asperula sect. Glabella and Microphysa (Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) Pobed., form the second clade. The third clade comprises taxa purely from Galium that usually have four leaves per whorl, from both the New and Old World. Our results also indicated that the monotypic genus Microphysa should be retained and clarified phylogenetic relationships of some specific confused taxa from China. Unlike prior inferences, the combination of opposite leaves associated with two stipules is proposed as the ancestral characteristic of the Galium s.l. group and even the tribe. In addition, the shapes of different corolla and inflorescence types are important for distinguishing some taxa within Rubieae.

Effects of K+-deficient diets with and without NaCl supplementation on Na+, K+, and H2O transporters' abundance along the nephron.

Dietary potassium (K(+)) restriction and hypokalemia have been reported to change the abundance of most renal Na(+) and K(+) transporters and aquaporin-2 isoform, but results have not been consistent. The aim of this study was to reexamine Na(+), K(+) and H(2)O transporters' pool size regulation in response to removing K(+) from a diet containing 0.74% NaCl, as well as from a diet containing 2% NaCl (as found in American diets) to blunt reducing total diet electrolytes. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5-6) were fed for 6 days with one of these diets: 2% KCl, 0.74% NaCl (2K1Na, control chow) compared with 0.03% KCl, 0.74% NaCl (0K1Na); or 2% KCl, 2%NaCl (2K2Na) compared with 0.03% KCl, 2% NaCl (0K2Na, Na(+) replete). In both 0K1Na and 0K2Na there were significant decreases in: 1) plasma [K(+)] (<2.5 mM); 2) urinary K(+) excretion (<5% of control); 3) urine osmolality and plasma [aldosterone], as well as 4) an increase in urine volume and medullary hypertrophy. The 0K2Na group had the lowest [aldosterone] (172.0 ± 17.4 pg/ml) and lower blood pressure (93.2 ± 4.9 vs. 112.0 ± 3.1 mmHg in 2K2Na). Transporter pool size regulation was determined by quantitative immunoblotting of renal cortex and medulla homogenates. The only differences measured in both 0K1Na and 0K2Na groups were a 20-30% decrease in cortical ß-ENaC, 30-40% increases in kidney-specific Ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase, and a 40% increase in medullary sodium pump abundance. The following proteins were not significantly changed in both the 0 K groups: Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 3; Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter; Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter, oxidative stress response kinase-1; renal outer medullary K(+) channel; autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia; c-Src, aquaporin 2 isoform; or renin. Thus, despite profound hypokalemia and renal K(+) conservation, we did not confirm many of the changes that were previously reported. We predict that changes in transporter distribution and activity are likely more important for conserving K(+) than changes in total abundance.

Acute hypertension provokes acute trafficking of distal tubule Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) to subapical cytoplasmic vesicles.

When blood pressure (BP) is elevated above baseline, a pressure natriuresis-diuresis response ensues, critical to volume and BP homeostasis. Distal convoluted tubule Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) is regulated by trafficking between the apical plasma membrane (APM) and subapical cytoplasmic vesicles (SCV). We aimed to determine whether NCC trafficking contributes to pressure diuresis by decreasing APM NCC or compensates for increased volume flow to the DCT by increasing APM NCC. BP was raised 50 mmHg (high BP) in rats by arterial constriction for 5 or 20-30 min, provoking a 10-fold diuresis at both times. Kidneys were excised, and NCC subcellular distribution was analyzed by 1) sorbitol density gradient fractionation and immunoblotting and 2) immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM). NCC distribution did not change after 5-min high BP. After 20-30 min of high BP, 20% of NCC redistributed from low-density, APM-enriched fractions to higher density, endosome-enriched fractions, and, by quantitative immuno-EM, pool size of APM NCC decreased 14% and SCV pool size increased. Because of the time lag of the response, we tested the hypothesis that internalization of NCC was secondary to the decrease in ANG II that accompanies high BP. Clamping ANG II at a nonpressor level by coinfusion of captopril (12 microg/min) and ANG II (20 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)) during 30-min high BP reduced diuresis to eightfold and prevented redistribution of NCC from APM- to SCV-enriched fractions. We conclude that DCT NCC may participate in pressure natriuresis-diuresis by retraction out of apical plasma membranes and that the retraction is, at least in part, driven by the fall in ANG II that accompanies acute hypertension.

Effects of dietary salt on renal Na+ transporter subcellular distribution, abundance, and phosphorylation status.

During high-salt (HS) diet the kidney increases urinary Na+ and volume excretion to match intake. We recently reported that HS provokes a redistribution of distal convoluted tubule Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) from apical to subapical vesicles and decreases NCC abundance. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the other renal Na+ transporters' abundance and or subcellular distribution is decreased by HS diet. Six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a normal (NS) 0.4% NaCl diet or a HS 4% NaCl diet for 3 wk or overnight. Kidneys excised from anesthetized rats were fractionated on density gradients or analyzed by microscopy; transporters and associated regulators were detected with specific antibodies. Three-week HS doubled Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)3 phosphorylation at serine 552 and provoked a redistribution of NHE3, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), myosin VI, Na+-Pi cotransporter (NaPi)-2, ANG II type 2 receptor (AT2R), aminopeptidase N (APN), Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2), epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) beta-subunit, and Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA) alpha1- and beta1-subunits from low-density plasma membrane-enriched fractions to higher-density intracellular membrane-enriched fractions. NHE3, myosin VI, and AT2R retraction to the base of the microvilli (MV) during HS was evident by confocal microscopy. HS did not change abundance of NHE3, NKCC, or NKA alpha1- or beta1-subunits but increased ENaC-beta in high-density intracellular enriched membranes. Responses to HS were fully apparent after just 18 h. We propose that retraction of NHE3 to the base of the MV, driven by myosin VI and NHE3 phosphorylation and accompanied by redistribution of the NHE3 regulator DPPIV, contributes to a decrease in proximal tubule Na+ reabsorption during HS and that redistribution of transporters out of low-density plasma membrane-enriched fractions in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and distal nephron may also contribute to the homeostatic natriuretic response to HS diet.

Connexin 30.3 is expressed in the kidney but not regulated by dietary salt or high blood pressure.

Several isoforms of connexin (Cx) proteins have been identified in a variety of tissues where they play a role in intercellular communication, either as the components of gap junctions or as large, nonselective pores known as hemichannels. This investigation seeks to identify the localization and regulation of Cx30.3 in mouse, rat, and rabbit kidney using a Cx30.3(+/lacZ) transgenic approach and immunofluorescence. Cx30.3 was detected in all three species and predominantly in the renal medulla. Both the nuclear lacZ staining indicative of Cx30.3 expression and indirect immunohistochemistry provided the same results. Cx30.3 immunolabeling was mainly punctate in the mouse, typical for gap junctions. In contrast, it showed continuous apical plasma membrane localization in certain tubule segments in the rat and rabbit kidney, suggesting that it may also function as hemichannels. In the cortex, Cx30.3 was localized in the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct, because the immunoreactive cells did not label for AQP2, a marker for principal cells. In the medulla, dense Cx30.3 staining was confined to the ascending thin limbs of the loop of Henle, because the immunoreactive cells did not label for AQP1, a marker of the descending thin limbs. Immunoblotting studies indicated that Cx30.3 expression was unchanged in response to either high or low salt intake or in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cx30.3 appears to be constitutively expressed in certain renal tubular segments and cells and its role in overall kidney function remains to be investigated.

AMPK activation with AICAR provokes an acute fall in plasma [K+].

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), activated by an increase in intracellular AMP-to-ATP ratio, stimulates pathways that can restore ATP levels. We tested the hypothesis that AMPK activation influences extracellular fluid (ECF) K(+) homeostasis. In conscious rats, AMPK was activated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) infusion: 38.4 mg x kg bolus then 4 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1) infusion. Plasma [K(+)] and [glucose] both dropped at 1 h of AICAR infusion and [K(+)] dropped to 3.3 +/- 0.04 mM by 3 h, linearly related to the increase in muscle AMPK phosphorylation. AICAR treatment did not increase urinary K(+) excretion. AICAR lowered [K(+)] whether plasma [K(+)] was chronically elevated or lowered. The K(+) infusion rate needed to maintain baseline plasma [K(+)] reached 15.7 +/- 1.3 micromol K(+) x kg(-1) x min(-1) between 120 and 180 min AICAR infusion. In mice expressing a dominant inhibitory form of AMPK in the muscle (Tg-KD1), baseline [K(+)] was not different from controls (4.2 +/- 0.1 mM), but the fall in plasma [K(+)] in response to AICAR (0.25 g/kg) was blunted: [K(+)] fell to 3.6 +/- 0.1 in controls and to 3.9 +/- 0.1 mM in Tg-KD1, suggesting that ECF K(+) redistributes, at least in part, to muscle ICF. In summary, these findings illustrate that activation of AMPK activity with AICAR provokes a significant fall in plasma [K(+)] and suggest a novel mechanism for redistributing K(+) from ECF to ICF.

Reducing blood pressure in SHR with enalapril provokes redistribution of NHE3, NaPi2, and NCC and decreases NaPi2 and ACE abundance.

To determine the effects of long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI) and blood pressure (BP) lowering on renal sodium transporter abundance and distribution in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 9-wk SHR were treated with enalapril (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) for 4 wk. BP decreased from 156 +/- 4 to 96 +/- 8 mmHg. Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) and Na(+)-P(i) cotransporter type 2 (NaPi2) localized to the body of the microvilli (MV) in normotensive rat strains. In untreated SHR, NHE3 partially retracted from the body to base of the MV and NaPi2 retracted to subapical vesicles. After enalapril treatment of SHR, NHE3 fully retracted to the base of the MV and, by density gradient fractionation, NHE3, NaPi2, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, myosin VI, Na-Cl cotransporter, and cortical Na-K-Cl cotransporter redistributed from low-density (apical enriched) to high-density (endosome enriched) membranes. Enalapril decreased total abundance of myosin VI (to 0.51 +/- 0.18 of untreated), ACE (0.67 +/- 0.22), and cortical NaPi2 (0.83 +/- 0.10). Normalizing SHR BP with HRH (7.5 mg/day hydralazine, 0.15 mg/day reserpine, and 3 mg/day hydrochlorothiazide) did not change Na(+) transporter density distribution or abundance. We conclude that lowering BP to normal levels in SHR does not normalize Na(+) transporter distribution, rather, chronic ACEI treatment provokes retraction of Na(+) transporters and associated proteins from transport-relevant domains of apical membranes and/or reduces their abundance.

The proximal convoluted tubule is a target for the uroguanylin-regulated natriuretic response.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides synthesized in the intestine and kidney that are postulated to have both paracrine and endocrine functions, forming a potential enteric-renal link to coordinate salt ingestion with natriuresis. To explore the in vivo role of guanylin and uroguanylin in the regulation of sodium excretion, we used gene-targeted mice in which the uroguanylin, guanylin or the peptide receptor guanylate cyclase C gene expression had been ablated. RESULTS: Metabolic balance studies demonstrated that there was impaired excretion of a sodium load in uroguanylin (but not in guanylin or guanylate cyclase C) knockout mice. Uroguanylin-dependent natriuresis occurred without an increase in circulating prouroguanylin. A distinct morphological phenotype was present in the proximal convoluted tubules of uroguanylin knockout animals after an enteral salt loading. Marked vacuolization of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells was observed by using light and electron microscopy. There was also a change in the distribution of the sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) after an enteral salt loading. In wild-type animals, there was a partial redistribution of NHE3 from the villus fraction to the less accessible submicrovillus membrane compartment, but this effect was less apparent in uroguanylin knockout animals, presumably resulting in greater Na/H exchange. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings further establish a role for uroguanylin in fluid homeostasis and support a role for uroguanylin as an integral component of a signaling mechanism that mediates changes in Na excretion in response to an enteral salt loading. Proximal tubular NHE3 activity is a possible target for uroguanylin-mediated changes in Na excretion.

Phenol injury-induced hypertension stimulates proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger activity.

Injection of 50 microl 10% phenol into rat renal cortex activates renal sympathetic nerve activity which provokes acute hypertension that persists for weeks. We have previously shown with membrane fractionation that phenol injury caused a redistribution of the main proximal tubule (PT) apical transporter NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3) to low density membranes enriched in apical microvilli. The aim of this study was to determine whether phenol injury increases PT apical Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) activity. NHE activity was measured in vivo as the initial rate of change in intracellular pH (dpH(i)/dt) during luminal Na+ removal in PT preloaded with the pH-sensitive fluorescence dye BCECF. Injection of 50 microl 10% phenol increased blood pressure from 113 +/- 5.2 to 130 +/- 4.6 mmHg without changing glomerular filtration rate or urine output. NHE activity increased 2.6-fold by 70 min after phenol injury. The increase of NHE activity was accompanied with an increase of tubular reabsorption. Total NHE activity/NHE3 protein in cortical brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles, measured by acridine orange quench and immunoblot, respectively, was unchanged by phenol injury. In conclusion, acute phenol injury provokes coincident increases in PT apical NHE activity, redistribution of NHE3 into low density apical membranes, and hypertension. The increase in NHE activity may contribute to the lack of pressure-diuresis and the maintenance of chronic hypertension in this model.