Anaesthesia-related mortality within 24 h following 9,391,669 anaesthetics in 10 cities in Hubei Province, China: a serial cross-sectional study.

Background: The mortality risk related to anaesthesia in China remains poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anaesthesia-related mortality in terms of its incidence, changes, causes and preventability in Hubei, China, between 2017 and 2021 using a series of annual surveys. Methods: We prospectively collected information on patient, surgical, anaesthesia, and hospital characteristics for 9,391,669 anaesthesia procedures performed between 2017 and 2021 in 10 cities within Hubei Province, China. Anaesthesia-related death was defined as death that deemed to be entirely or partially attributable to anaesthesia, occurring within 24 h following anaesthesia administration. All fatalities were scrutinized consecutively to determine their root causes and preventability. The incidence and patterns of anaesthesia-related deaths were analysed from 2017 to 2021. A mixed-effects model with a Poisson link function was fitted to evaluate the city-level annual changes in risk-adjusted incidence of anaesthesia-related deaths. Findings: 600 cases of anaesthetic deaths occurred from 2017 to 2021, yielding an incidence of 6.4 per 100,000 anaesthesia procedures [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 5.9, 6.9], and most were preventable (71.3%). There was a significant decrease from 2017 to 2021, in the incidences of anaesthesia-related death across all patients, those with American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status (ASAPS) ≥III, and those who had general anaesthesia, with a percentage reduction of 57.6%, 59.1%, and 55.9%, respectively. The risk-adjusted annual changes indicated significant downward trends for the incidence of anaesthetic mortality from 2017 to 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. For instance, the risk-adjusted annual changes for the anaesthetic mortality incidence from 2017 to 2021 was -2.5 (95% CI: -1.4, -4.7). Interpretation: In this large, comprehensive database study conducted in Central China, the anaesthesia-related death incidence was 6.4 per 100,000. Notably, the incidence of anaesthesia-related deaths decreased between 2017 and 2021. However, further in-depth analysis is needed to understand the extent to which these trends represent a change in patient safety. Funding: Innovation and optimization of perioperative respiratory system management strategy (Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund, 2019ACA167).

Efficacy and safety of alfentanil plus propofol versus propofol only in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of alfentanil plus propofol versus propofol only for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS: The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials on alfentanil combined with propofol versus propofol only for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy from the inception of the database to August 2022. The Rev Man 5.4 software was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving 1762 patients were identified as eligible for this study. The meta-analysis showed that compared with propofol, alfentanil combined with propofol had a more stable mean arterial pressure [mean difference (MD) = 5.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.97-8.80; P = .002], heart rate (MD = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.30-6.26; P = .003) and pulse oxygen saturation (MD = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.93-2.78; P = .0001); a lower propofol dose (standard mean difference = -2.82, 95% CI: -3.70 to -1.94; P < .00001), lower awakening time (MD = -3.23, 95% CI: -4.01 to -2.45; P < .00001) and lower directional force recovery time (MD = -3.62, 95% CI: -4.22 to -3.03; P < .00001); a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting (relative risk [RR] = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71; P = .005), body movement (RR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13-0.54; P = .0002), hypotension (RR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12-0.46; P < .0001), respiratory depression (RR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15-0.89; P = .03) and cough reflex (RR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.89; P = .03). CONCLUSION: This meta-study found that current evidence indicates that alfentanil plus propofol is better than propofol alone for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy and is associated with a lower incidence of adverse reactions. Due to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed to validate these above conclusions.

Sevoflurane promotes premature differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids.

Background: Conventional animal models used in corresponding basic studies are distinct from humans in terms of the brain's development trajectory, tissue cytoarchitecture and cell types, making it difficult to accurately evaluate the potential adverse effects of anesthetic treatments on human fetal brain development. This study investigated the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain's development and cytopathology using human physiologically-relevant midbrain organoids. Methods: Monolayer human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived human floor plate cells and three-dimensional hiPSC-derived midbrain organoids (hMBOs) were exposed to 2% (v/v) sevoflurane for 2 or 6 h, followed by expansion or differentiation culture. Then, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, EdU assay, Tunnel assay, and transcriptome sequencing were performed to examine the effects of sevoflurane on the midbrain's development. Results: We found that 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited hFPCs' proliferation (differentiation culture: 7.2% ± 0.3% VS. 13.3% ± 0.7%, p = 0.0043; expansion culture: 48% ± 2.2% VS. 35.2% ± 1.4%, p = 0.0002) and increased their apoptosis, but did not affect their differentiation into human dopaminergic neurons After 6 h, 2% sevoflurane exposure inhibited cell proliferation (62.8% ± 5.6% VS. 100% ± 5.5%, p = 0.0065) and enhanced the premature differentiation of hMBOs (246% ± 5.2% VS. 100% ± 28%, p = 0.0065). The RNA-seq results showed long-term exposure to sevoflurane up regulates some transcription factors in the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons, while short-term exposure to sevoflurane has a weak up-regulation effect on these transcription factors. Conclusion: This study revealed that long-term exposure to sevoflurane could promote the premature differentiation of hMBOs, while short-term exposure had negligible effects, suggesting that long-term exposure to sevoflurane in pregnant women may lead to fetals' midbrain development disorder.

Clinical Effect of Ear Endoscopic Intervention on CMEC Patients and Analysis of the Relationship between ROS, P-Akt, and HIF-1α Expression and the Degree of Bone Destruction.

The clinical efficacy of ear endoscopic intervention in patients with congenital middle ear cholesteatoma (CMEC) is explored, and the relationship between the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylated protein kinase B (P-Akt), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) and the degree of bone damage are analyzed. A total of 72 CMEC patients admitted to the otolaryngology department of our hospital from 2019 to January 2021 for surgical treatment are selected. According to the different intervention methods, the microscope group and the otolaryngology intervention group are established, respectively, with 36 patients in each group. The patients in the microscope group are treated with a microscope for middle ear cholesteatoma surgery, and the patients in the otoscope intervention group are treated with an otoscope for middle ear cholesteatoma surgery. The experimental results show that ear endoscopic intervention has better clinical efficacy for CMEC patients, which can effectively shorten the operation time, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, and effectively improve the hearing of patients.

Sevoflurane protects mice from cerebral ischaemic injury by regulating microRNA-203-3p/HDAC4/Bcl-2 axis.

Sevoflurane (Sevo) is neuroprotective in ischaemic injury, but its specific mechanism in the disease from microRNA-203-3p/histone deacetylases 4/B-cell lymphoma 2 (miR-203-3p/HDAC4/Bcl-2) axis asks for a comprehensive explanation. A middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model was established by nylon suture method. miR-203-3p and HDAC4 expression was measured in mouse brain tissues. The MCAO mice were exposed to Sevo or injected with miR-203-3p- or HDAC4-related plasmids. In response to Sevo treatment or plasmid interference, neurological function, brain pathology, neuronal apoptosis and inflammation were determined. The interactions of miR-203-3p and HDAC4, and HDAC4 and Bcl-2 were verified. MCAO mice presented down-regulated miR-203-3p and up-regulated HDAC4. Sevo improved neurological function, brain pathological damage and reduced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation in MCAO mice, while overexpressing miR-203-3p further enhanced those effects. HDAC4 overexpression antagonized the impacts of miR-203-3p up-regulation on MCAO mice. The targeting relation existed between miR-203-3p and HDAC4, as well as between HDAC4 and Bcl-2. It is clearly elucidated that miR-203-3p enhances the protective effects of Sevo on MCAO mice through elevating Bcl-2 and down-regulating HDAC4, potentially and clinically offering an effective treatment method with Sevo for cerebral ischaemic injury.

Sevoflurane inhibits progression of glioma via regulating the HMMR antisense RNA 1/microRNA-7/cyclin dependent kinase 4 axis.

Sevoflurane (Sev) is a volatile anesthetic that can inhibit tumor malignancy. Glioma is a main brain problem, but the mechanism of Sev in glioma progression is largely unclear. This study aims to explore a potential regulatory network of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)/microRNA (miRNA)/mRNA associated with the function of Sev in glioma progression. LncRNA HMMR antisense RNA 1 (HMMR-AS1), miR-7 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) abundances were examined via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell viability, invasion, and colony formation ability were analyzed via cell counting kit-8, transwell analysis, and colony formation. The target association was analyzed via dual-luciferase reporter analysis and RNA pull-down. The in vivo function of Sev was investigated by xenograft model. HMMR-AS1 abundance was increased in glioma tissues and cells, and reduced via Sev. Sev constrained cell viability, invasion, and colony formation ability via decreasing HMMR-AS1 in glioma cells. miR-7 expression was decreased in glioma, and was targeted via HMMR-AS1. HMMR-AS1 silence restrained cell viability, invasion, and colony formation ability by up-regulating miR-7 in glioma cells. Sev increases miR-7 abundance via decreasing HMMR-AS1. CDK4 was targeted via miR-7, and highly expressed in glioma. miR-7 overexpression inhibited cell viability, invasion, and colony formation ability via reducing CDK4 in glioma cells. CDK4 expression was reduced by Sev via HMMR-AS1/miR-7 axis. Sev suppressed cell growth in glioma by regulating HMMR-AS1. Sev represses glioma cell progression by regulating HMMR-AS1/miR-7/CDK4 axis.

Sevoflurane inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis by miR-144-3p/YAP1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane (SEV) is a typical volatile anaesthetic and has an antitumour activity in various cancer cells. Here, we were curious whether SEV has tumour-suppressive effects in neuroblastoma (NB). METHODS: NB cell lines (K-N-SH and SK-N-AS) were treated with SEV (1%, 2% and 4%). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and Transwell assays were conducted to examine cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. The apoptosis was verified by flow cytometry, and the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), Bax, Bcl2 and cleaved caspase3 levels were detected by western blotting. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to monitor the miR-144-3p level in SEV-treated NB cells. The targeted relationship between miR-144-3p and YAP1 was predicted by bioinformatics and testified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: SEV mitigated NB cell proliferation and invasion and strengthened apoptosis dose-dependently. SEV upregulated miR-144-3p. Moreover, the miR-144-3p inhibitor transfection significantly reduced the tumour-suppressive effect of SEV on NB cells. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-144-3p targeted YAP1 and overexpressing YAP1 partially weakened the inhibitive effects of miR-144-3p on NB cells. CONCLUSION: SEV abated NB cell proliferation and invasion and accelerated apoptosis through the miR-144-3p/YAP1 axis.

[Application of intervertebral foramen endoscopy BEIS technique in the lumbar spine surgery failure syndrome over 60 years old].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mid-term efficacy of radiofrequency ablation of nucleus pulposus by intervertebral foramen endoscopy BEIS technique in the treatment of lumbar spine surgery failure syndrome over 60 years old. METHODS: The clinical data of 40 patients over 60 years old with lumbar spine surgery failure syndrome admitted from January 2010 to January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 34 males and 6 females, aged from 60 to 76 years old with an average of 66 years, the courses of disease ranged from 10 months to 4 years. The patients were divided into two groups (BEIS group and revision group) according to the different surgery. The intervertebral foramen endoscopy BEIS technique and the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) were performed in BEIS group and revision group respectively. There was no significant difference in general data such as sex, age, course of disease, surgical segment between two groups(P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, bed rest time after operation and hospitalization time were observed between two groups. At preoperative, postoperative 1 month, 1 year, 3 years, visual analogue scale(VAS) and Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score(JOA) were used to compare the efficacy. RESULTS: The operation time, intraoperative bleeding volume, bed rest time after operation and hospitalization time in BEIS group were (60.2±10.3) min, (60.1±4.5) ml, (2.2±1.5) d, (4.04±1.40) d, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of revision group (P<0.05). The VAS and JOA scores of the two groups at different time after operation were significantly improved (P<0.05), and there was statistically significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency ablation of nucleus pulposus by intervertebral foramen endoscopy BEIS technique is more effective than TLIF revision in the treatment of lumbar spine surgery failure syndrome over 60 years old. It has advantages of shorter operation time, less bleeding, shorter bed rest after operation and hospitalization time, and is worthy of clinical promotion.

Effects of milrinone on inflammatory response-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is defined as a cardiac dysfunction leading to low cardiac output and inadequate tissue perfusion. Intravenous positive inotropes are used to increase myocardial contractility in hospitalized patients with advanced heart failure. Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase Ⅲ inhibitor and used most commonly for inotropic effect. The well-known PROMISE study investigated the effects of milrinone on mortality in patients with severe CHF, and concluded that long-term therapy with milrinone increased morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced CHF. Previous studies have suggested that phosphodiesterase inhibitors can have potential effects on inflammatory pathways. Hence, we hypothesized that milrinone may alter inflammatory gene expressions in cardiomyocytes, thus leading to adverse clinical outcomes. We used rat cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2 and studied the impact of exposing cardiomyocytes to milrinone (10 µmol/L) for 24 hours on inflammatory gene expressions. RNA extracted from cultured cardiomyocytes was used for whole rat genome gene expression assay (41,000 genes). The following changes in inflammatory response-related gene expressions were discovered. Genes with increased expressions included: THBS2 (+9.98), MMP2 (+3.47), DDIT3 (+2.39), and ADORA3 (+3.5). Genes with decreased expressions were: SPP1 (-5.28) and CD14 (-2.05). We found that the above mentioned gene expression changes seem to indicate that milrinone may hinder the inflammatory process which may potentially lead to adverse clinical outcomes. However, further in vivo and clinical investigations will be needed to illustrate the clinical relevance of these gene expression changes induced by milrinone.

Sevoflurane suppresses proliferation by upregulating microRNA-203 in breast cancer cells.

Rapid proliferation is one of the critical characteristics of breast cancer. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of breast cancer cell proliferation is largely unclear. The present study indicated that sevoflurane, one of inhalational anesthetics, could significantly suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by arresting cell cycle at G1 phase. Notably, the rescue experiment indicated that miR-203 was upregulated by sevoflurane and mediated the function of sevoflurane on suppressing the breast cancer cell proliferation. The present study indicated the function of the sevoflurane/miR-203 signaling pathway on regulating breast cancer cell proliferation. These results provide mechanistic insight into how the sevoflurane/miR-203 signaling pathway supresses proliferation of breast cancer cells, suggesting the sevoflurane/miR-203 pathway may be a potential target in the treatment of breast cancer.

DNMT1/miR-200a/GOLM1 signaling pathway regulates lung adenocarcinoma cells proliferation.

OBJECTIVES: Lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) comprises about 80% of all diagnosed lung cancers. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of LAD cell proliferation is largely unclear. The emergence of microRNAs and molecular-targeted therapies adds a new dimension in our efforts to combat this deadly disease. METHOD: In this work, the A549 and H1650 human lung cancer cell lines were used in this study. The proliferation was evaluated by the MTT and BrdU assay. The expression level of related proteins was detected by western blot. RESULT: We reported GOLM1 was highly expressed in LAD cells and associated with low survival ratio and higher grade malignancy. Knockdown of GOLM1 repressed the LAD cell proliferation. Overexpression of GOLM1 promoted the cell proliferation. Further we found that the level of microRNA-200a (miR-200a) expression was low in LAD cells. miR-200a repress GOLM1 expression by directly targeting its 3? UTR. Overexpression of miR-200a repressed the cell proliferation and blocked the increase of LAD cell proliferation caused by GOLM1 overexpression. Further, we found that miR-200 was downregulated by DNMT1.Overexpression of DNMT1 blocked the function of miR-200a on repressing proliferation. We then found that knockdown of DNMT1 repressed LAD cell proliferation, which could be rescued by GOLM1 overexpression. CONCLUSION: This work revealed the critical function of GOLM1/miR-200a/DNMT1 signaling pathway on regulating LAD cell proliferation, and might lay the foundation for further clinical treatment of LAD.

ATF-3/miR-590/GOLPH3 signaling pathway regulates proliferation of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Fast growth is the important character of breast cancer, which makes sure the subsequent metastasize and invasion breast cancer. Golgi related genes GOLPH3 has been reported to regulate many kinds of cancers proliferation. However, its upregulator remains largely unknown. miRNA modulate gene expression by post-transcriptional repression to participate in many signaling pathway of breast cancer cell proliferation. miR-590 has been reported to regulate tumorgenesis and could be regulated by its own target ATF-3. But whether miR-590 can be the modulator of Golgi related genes to regulate the breast cancer proliferation is unclear. METHODS: We performed the bioinformatics analysis of survival rate and expression differences of patients using the data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).Both of MTS and BrdU assays were used for cell proliferation analysis. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry .qRT-PCR was used for detecting the cell cycle related gene expression. Student's t-test or One way anova was used for statistics. RESULTS: We found the upregulation of GOLPH3 in breast cancer samples compared with normal breast tissues, which also was related to the poor prognosis. Overexpression of GOLPH3 significantly promoted proliferation both of MDA-MB-231 cells (ER negative) and MCF-7 cells (ER positive). We further found that miRNA-590-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of GOLPH3 mRNA to repress its expression. Overexpression of miR-590-3p inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The rescue experiments indicated that overexpression of GOLPH3 significantly resorted the proliferation inhibited by miR-590-3p. We also found that ATF-3 repressed miR-590-3p expression to modulate miR-590/GOLPH3 pathway to regulate breast cancer cells proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: This study not only suggests that the ATF-3/miR-590/GOLPH3 signaling pathway is critically involved in the proliferation of breast cancer cells, but provides a novel therapeutic target and new insight base on epigenetic regulation for future breast cancer diagnosis and clinical treatment.

Vasoplegic syndrome: An update on perioperative considerations.

Vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is increasingly recognized as an important clinical entity in perioperative medicine. VS is characterized by significant arterial hypotension, normal or high cardiac output, low systemic vascular resistance, and increased requirements for intravenous volume and vasopressors. Tremendous variations exist regarding incidence reported in the literature and management at different institutions; and the incidence of VS is likely significantly higher than many anesthesiologists believe. Thus the aims of this article are to review the pertinent aspects related to VS and alert clinical anesthesiologists to this under-recognized yet very challenging clinical condition. The potential risk factors include blood transfusion, cardiopulmonary bypass, organ transplantation, trauma and sepsis, and use of specific medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Angiotensin-II antagonist, heparin, amiodarone, aprotinin, and protamine. The pathogenesis of VS may have several mechanistic pathways, overproduction of inducible nitric oxide, activation of ATP-dependent K channels, vasopressin V1A-receptor down-regulation, and nuclear factor-κB activation. Current management strategies include intravenous administration of volume and catecholamines, vasopressin, methylene blue and high dose hydroxocobalamin. Other treatment could include ATP-sensitive K channel blocker, nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, indigo carmine, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. VS is still associated with significantly increased perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Sevoflurane represses the self-renewal ability by regulating miR-7a,7b/Klf4 signalling pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Sevoflurane is a frequently-used clinical inhalational anaesthetic and can cause toxicity to embryos during foetal development. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the inner cell mass of blastospheres and can be used as a useful model of early development. Here, we found that sevoflurane significantly influenced self-renewal ability of mESCs on stemness maintenance and cell proliferation. The cell cycle was arrested via G1 phase delay. We further found that sevoflurane upregulated expression of miR-7a,7b to repress self-renewal. Next we performed rescue experiments and found that after adding miR-7a,7b inhibitor into mESCs treated with sevoflurane, its influence on self-renewal could be blocked. Further we identified stemness factor Klf4 as the direct target of miR-7a,7b. Overexpression of Klf4 restored self-renewal ability repressed by miR-7a,7b or sevoflurane. In this work, we determined that sevoflurane repressed self-renewal ability by regulating the miR-7a,7b/Klf4 signalling pathway in mESCs. Our study demonstrated molecular mechanism underlying the side effects of sevoflurane during early development, laying the foundation for studies on safe usage of inhalational anaesthetic during non-obstetric surgery.

miR-708/LSD1 axis regulates the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate various biological processes, including breast cancer. miR-708 played an important role in a variety of cancers. However, its involvement in breast cancer remains largely unclear. In this study, we found that forced the expression of miR-708 in breast cancer cell lines decreased cell proliferation and invasion, whereas inhibition of miR-708 increased cell growth and invasion. miR-708 could directly target the LSD1 3'UTR to downregulate the expression. Further studies suggested that inhibition of LSD1 could phenocopied function of the miR-708 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells .Overexpression of LSD1 could counteract the effects of miR-708 on the proliferation and invasion. Taken together, the results indicate that miR-708 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer development, and miR-708/LSD1 axis may be a therapeutic intervention in breast cancer in the future.

miR-548d-3p/TP53BP2 axis regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells.

Fast growth and hardly any apoptosis are important characteristics of breast cancer, which assure the spread via invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Inhibition of fast proliferation and induction of apoptosis are critical way to cure this cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) had been increasingly reported to be the critical regulator of tumorigenesis. In our study, we found that increasing copy number of miR-548d-2-3p is critically involved poor prognosis. We overexpressed miR-548d-3p in MDA-MB-231cells and found that the proliferation was promoted significantly, whereas the inhibition of miR-548d-3p repressed the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells and also induced the increase in apoptosis. Additionally, we found that miR-548d-3p downregulated the expression of TP53BP2 by directly targeting the 3'UTR. We also found that knockdown of TP53BP2 significantly resorted the proliferation and apoptosis regulated by miR-548d-3p inhibitor. Our study showed that miR-548d-3p/TP53BP2 pathway is critically involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells and may be new therapeutic target of breast cancer cells.

Isoflurane inhibits embryonic stem cell self-renewal through retinoic acid receptor.

The commonly used inhalation anesthetic isoflurane could permeate rapidly through the placental barrier and induce toxicity to the central nervous system of the developing fetus. However, the effects of isoflurane in utero during early gestation are unknown. We therefore treated pregnant mice with 1.4% isoflurane for 2h per day for three days at day3.5 (E3.5) to day6.5 (E6.5) to investigated the toxicity of isoflurane. Pregnant mice were executed and the fetal mice were weighed and observed. Mouse ESCs (E14) was exposed to 2% isoflurane for 6h. Twenty-four hours later, self-renewal was examined with AP staining. Effects of isoflurane on the expression of RAR-γ were examined using Western blot. As a result, anesthesia with 1.4% isoflurane for 2 hour per day for 3 days reduced fetal growth and development. Isoflurane decreased self-renewal and the expression stemness genes (Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, and Lin28) in mESCs. Vitamin A attenuated the effects of isoflurane inducing self-renewal inhibition. In summary, Anesthesia with 1.4% isoflurane for 2h per day for 3 days reduced fetal growth and development. Moreover, isoflurane inhibits mESCs self-renewal through retinoic acid receptor.

2-Deoxy-d-glucose attenuates sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in vitro.

OBJECT: Sevoflurane, one of the most commonly used anesthetics in clinic, induced neuroinflammation and caused cognitive impairment. 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) is a synthetic analogue of glucose and is clinically used in medical imaging safely. METHODS: We examined the effect of 2-DG on sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in the mouse primary microglia cells. Mouse microglia cells were treated with 4.1% sevoflurane for 6h to examine the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) or 2-DG was used 1h before sevoflurane treatment. RESULTS: In the present study, we found that sevoflurane increased level of IL-6 and TNF-α through activating NF-κB signaling, and that 2-DG reduced sevoflurane-induced increase in IL-6 and TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB in microglia cells. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that NF-κB signaling pathway could be a target for sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and 2-DG might be a potential therapy to prevent or treat sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation.

Inflammatory pain may induce cognitive impairment through an interlukin-6-dependent and postsynaptic density-95-associated mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Pain might be associated with cognitive impairment in humans. However, the characterization of such effects in a preclinical model and the investigation of the underlying mechanisms remain largely to be determined. We therefore sought to establish a system to determine the effect of pain on cognitive function in mice. METHODS: Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected in the hindpaw of 5- to 8-month-old wild-type and interleukin-6 knockout mice. Learning and memory function, and the levels of interleukin-6 and postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 in the cortex and hippocampus of mice were assessed. RESULTS: We found that the CFA injection-induced pain in the mice at 3 and 7 days after injection and decreased the freezing time (30.1 [16.5] vs 56.8 [28.1] seconds, P =0.023) in the tone test, which assesses the hippocampus-independent learning and memory function, but not in a context test of Fear Conditioning System (15.8 [6.7] vs 18.6 [8.8] seconds, P =0.622), which assesses the hippocampus-dependent learning and memory function, at 3 days after injection. Consistently, the CFA injection increased interleukin-6 (248% [11.6] vs 100% [7.9], P < 0.0001) and decreased the PSD-95 (40% [10.0] vs 100% [20.3], P < 0.0001) level in the cortex, but not hippocampus (95% [8.6] vs 100% [9.3], P =0.634), in the mice. The CFA injection induced neither reduction in the cortex PSD-95 levels nor cognitive impairment in the interleukin-6 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that pain induced by CFA injection might increase interleukin-6 levels and decrease PSD-95 levels in the cortex, but not hippocampus of mice, leading to hippocampus-independent cognitive impairment in mice. These findings call for further investigation to determine the role of pain in cognitive function.