Chiral α-Aminophosphonates as Ligands in Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Oxidative Coupling of 2-Naphthols.

Chiral α-aminophosphonates with adjacent carbon and phosphonate stereogenic centers have been employed as ligands in the copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2-naphthols, resulting in the production of chiral BINOLs in favorable yields and moderate to good enantiomeric excess. This represents the first application of chiral P-based ligands to enable such a transformation. The synthesis of these chiral α-aminophosphonate ligands offers a significant advantage over approaches that typically necessitate elaborate synthetic processes for chiral ligand production.

Endophytic Microorganisms in Tomato Roots, Changes in the Structure and Function of the Community at Different Growing Stages.

This study analyzed flower bud differentiation and fruiting stages to investigate how the structure of the plant endophytic microbial community in the roots of tomatoes changes with plant senescence. Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, the diversity and relative abundance of endophytic microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in tomato stems at different growth stages were analyzed. At the same time, based on LEfSe analysis, the differences in endophytic microorganisms in tomato stems at different growth stages were studied. Based on PICRUSt2 function prediction and FUNGuild, we predicted the functions of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in tomato stems at different growth stages to explore potential microbial functional traits. The results demonstrated that not only different unique bacterial genera but also unique fungal genera could be found colonizing tomato roots at different growth stages. In tomato seedlings, flower bud differentiation, and fruiting stages, the functions of colonizing endophytes in tomato roots could primarily contribute to the promotion of plant growth, stress resistance, and improvement in nutrient cycling, respectively. These results also suggest that different functional endophytes colonize tomato roots at different growth stages.

How different of the rhizospheric and endophytic microbial compositions in watermelons with different fruit shapes.

Fruit shape is an important character of watermelon. And the compositions of rhizospheric and endophytic microorganisms of watermelon with different fruit shape also remains unclear. To elucidate the biological mechanism of watermelon fruit shape formations, the rhizospheric and endophytic microbial community compositions between oval (OW) and circular watermelons (CW) were analyzed. The results showed that except of the rhizospheric bacterial richness (P < 0.05), the rhizospheric and endophytic microbial (bacterial and fungal) diversity were not statistically significant between OW and CW (P > 0.05). However, the endophytic microbial (bacterial and fungal) compositions were significantly different. Firstly, Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, Cupriavidus, Luteimonas, and Devosia were the unique soil dominant bacterial genera in rhizospheres of circular watermelon (CW); In contrast, Nocardioides, Ensifer, and Saccharomonospora were the special soil dominant bacterial genera in rhizospheres of oval watermelons (OW); Meanwhile, Cephalotrichum, Neocosmospora, Phialosimplex, and Papulaspora were the unique soil dominant fungal genera in rhizospheres of circular watermelon (CW); By contrast, Acremonium, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus_f__Tremellaceae, Sodiomyces, Microascus, Conocybe, Sporidiobolus, and Acremonium were the unique soil dominant fungal genera in rhizospheres of oval watermelons (OW). Additionally, Lechevalieria, Pseudorhodoferax, Pseudomonas, Massilia, Flavobacterium, Aeromicrobium, Stenotrophomonas, Pseudonocardia, Novosphingobium, Melittangium, and Herpetosiphon were the unique dominant endophytic bacterial genera in stems of CW; In contrast, Falsirhodobacter, Kocuria, and Kineosporia were the special dominant endophytic genera in stems of OW; Moreover, Lectera and Fusarium were the unique dominant endophytic fungal genera in stems of CW; By contrast, Cercospora only was the special dominant endophytic fungal genus in stems of OW. All above results suggested that watermelons with different fruit shapes exactly recruited various microorganisms in rhizospheres and stems. Meanwhile, the enrichments of the different rhizosphric and endophytic microorganisms could be speculated in relating to watermelon fruit shapes formation.

Tf2O-Mediated P(O)-N Bond Formation of Either P(O)-OH or P(O)-H Reagents with Multitype Amines.

We have developed a Tf2O-mediated approach for the direct amination of either P(O)-OH or P(O)-H reagents with a variety of aliphatic or aromatic amines. Without the requirement of precious metals and toxic reagents, this protocol provides an alternative route to various phosphinamides and phosphoramides. The reaction proceeds under simple and mild conditions and can be effectively scaled up with similar efficiency.

How Rhizosphere Microbial Assemblage Is Influenced by Dragon Fruits with White and Red Flesh.

The synthesis of betalain using microorganisms is an innovative developmental technology, and the excavation of microorganisms closely related to betalain can provide certain theoretical and technical support to this technology. In this study, the characteristics of soil microbial community structures and their functions in the rhizospheres of white-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) and red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) were analyzed. The results show that the soil bacterial and fungal compositions in the rhizospheres were shaped differently between H. undatus and H. polyrhizus. Bacterial genera such as Kribbella and TM7a were the unique dominant soil bacterial genera in the rhizospheres of H. undatus, whereas Bradyrhizobium was the unique dominant soil bacterial genus in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus. Additionally, Myrothecium was the unique dominant soil fungal genus in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus, whereas Apiotrichum and Arachniotus were the unique dominant soil fungal genera in the rhizospheres of H. undatus. Moreover, TM7a, Novibacillus, Cupriavidus, Mesorhizobium, Trechispora, Madurella, Cercophora, and Polyschema were significantly enriched in the rhizospheres of H. undatus, whereas Penicillium, Blastobotrys, Phialemonium, Marasmius, and Pseudogymnoascus were significantly enriched in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Penicillium were significantly higher in the rhizospheres of H. polyrhizus than in those of H. undatus.

The Characteristics of the Root-Zone Soil's Biological Properties and Microbial Community Structure in Grafted Star Anise Plantations.

Extensive management seriously affects the output, quality, and sustainable development of star anise, and grafting is commonly used to improve its production and quality. Although many studies have explored the effects of grafting on soil microorganisms for other plants, there is a lack of research on aromatic plants, especially on the soil ecosystems of star anise plantations. The effect of grafting star anise on the soil's biological characteristics and microbial composition remains unclear. The soil's enzyme activities, soil microbial biomass, and microbial community composition in grafted and non-grafted star anise plantations in Guangxi, China were studied using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the microbial biomass carbon and phosphorus contents in the soils of grafted star anise were significantly lower and the phosphatase activity was significantly higher than in the soils of non-grafted star anise. In comparison with the soils of non-grafted star anise plantations, the proportions of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and WPS-2 decreased and the proportions of Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia increased in the grafted star anise plantations. Meanwhile, Bacteroidetes was a dominant bacterial phylum unique to the soil of the grafted star anise plantations. Moreover, the proportions of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota increased and the proportions of Mortierellomycota and unclassified_k_Fungi decreased in the soils of the grafted star anise plantations. Furthermore, Basidiomycota and Rozellomycota had significant dominance in the grafted star anise plantations. In general, grafting can improve soil fertility and maintain soil health by promoting soil nutrient cycling and increasing the soil's microbial diversity.

Changes in root metabolites and soil microbial community structures in rhizospheres of sugarcanes under different propagation methods.

Root metabolites and soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere play critical roles in crop growth. Here, we assessed the efficiency of conventional and tissue culture propagation methods in modulating the soil health and microbiota in the rhizosphere of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plants. The seeding canes were obtained using newly planted and two-year ratooned canes propagated by conventional (CSN and CSR) or tissue culture (TCN and TCR) methods. Changes in soil fertility, root metabolites and soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of sugarcane plants obtained using these canes were assessed. The activities of soil ß-glucosidase and aminopeptidase, soil microbial biomass nitrogen, and abundances of soil beneficial microbes, both at phyla and genera levels, were significantly higher in the rhizosphere of sugarcane plants in TCN and TCR treatments than those in that of plants in CSN and CSR treatments. Furthermore, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism were significantly upregulated in the roots of TCR and TCN plants compared with those in the roots of CSN and CSR plants. These results suggest that the tissue culture propagation method is a sustainable method for sugarcane cultivation to improve soil fertility and health in sugarcane rhizosphere.

Eight-Membered Palladacycle Intermediate Enabled Synthesis of Cyclic Biarylphosphonates.

Transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions that involve the direct functionalization of insert C-H bond represent one of the most efficient strategies for forming carbon-carbon bonds. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H bond arylation of triaryl phosphates is reported to access seven-membered cyclic biarylphosphonate targets. The reaction is achieved via a unique eight-membered palladacyclic intermediate and shows good functional group compatibility. Meanwhile, the product can be readily converted into other valuable phosphate compounds.

WToE: Learning When to Explore in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning.

Existing multiagent exploration works focus on how to explore in the fully cooperative task, which is insufficient in the environment with nonstationarity induced by agent interactions. To tackle this issue, we propose When to Explore (WToE), a simple yet effective variational exploration method to learn WToE under nonstationary environments. WToE employs an interaction-oriented adaptive exploration mechanism to adapt to environmental changes. We first propose a novel graphical model that uses a latent random variable to model the step-level environmental change resulting from interaction effects. Leveraging this graphical model, we employ the supervised variational auto-encoder (VAE) framework to derive a short-term inferred policy from historical trajectories to deal with the nonstationarity. Finally, agents engage in exploration when the short-term inferred policy diverges from the current actor policy. The proposed approach theoretically guarantees the convergence of the Q -value function. In our experiments, we validate our exploration mechanism in grid examples, multiagent particle environments and the battle game of MAgent environments. The results demonstrate the superiority of WToE over multiple baselines and existing exploration methods, such as MAEXQ, NoisyNets, EITI, and PR2.

Why different sugarcane cultivars show different resistant abilities to smut? : Comparisons of endophytic microbial compositions and metabolic functions in stems of sugarcane cultivars with different abilities to resist smut.

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the resistance to smut of different sugarcane cultivars, endophytic bacterial and fungal compositions, functions and metabolites in the stems of the sugarcane cultivars were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing techniques and nontargeted metabolomics. The results showed that the levels of ethylene, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in sugarcane varieties that were not sensitive to smut were all higher than those in sensitive sugarcane varieties. Moreover, endophytic fungi, such as Ramichloridium, Alternaria, Sarocladium, Epicoccum, and Exophiala species, could be considered antagonistic to sugarcane smut. Additionally, the highly active arginine and proline metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism in sugarcane varieties that were not sensitive to smut indicated that these pathways contribute to resistance to smut. All of the above results suggested that the relatively highly abundant antagonistic microbes and highly active metabolic functions of endophytes in non-smut-sensitive sugarcane cultivars were important for their relatively high resistance to smut.

Can endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots be shaped by different propagation methods.

In practical production, cane stems with buds are generally used as seed for propagation. However, long-terms cane stems only easily lead to some problems such as disease sensitivity, quality loss, etc. Recently, cane seedings, which are produced by tissue culture were used in sugarcane production, but few studies on cane health related to tissue culture seedings. Therefore, to evaluate the immunity and health of sugarcanes growing from different reproduction modes, the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots between stem and tissue culture seedlings were analyzed using high-throughput techniques. The results showed that the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots were significant differences between stem and tissue culture seedlings. At the genus level, Pantoea, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Lechevalieria, Pseudomonas, Nocardioides, unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae enriched as the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and Rhizoctonia, Sarocladium, Scytalidium, Wongia, Fusarium, unclassified_f__Phaeosphaer, unclassified_c__Sordariom, unclassified_f__Stachybot, Poaceascoma, Microdochium, Arnium, Echria, Mycena and Exophiala enriched as the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from the tissue culture seedlings. In contrast, Mycobacterium, Massilia, Ralstonia, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiacea, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Leptothrix and Bryobacter were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and unclassified_k__Fungi, unclassified_f__Marasmiaceae, Talaromyces, unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes and Trichocladium were the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from stem seedlings. Additionally, the numbers of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in cane roots growing from tissue culture seedlings were significantly higher than those of stem seedlings. It indicates that not only the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots can be shaped by different propagation methods, but also the stress resistance of sugarcanes can be improved by the tissue culture propagation method.

Tf2O/DMSO-mediated dual activation of aryl phosphinate to access various aryl phosphonates.

A metal-free method for the dual activation of aryl phosphinate has been developed; the P-H and P-O bonds are sequentially activated by the Tf2O/DMSO system. Without the requirement of metals and unstable P-reagents, this one-pot procedure provides a convenient and practical access to a variety of aryl phosphonates. A mechanism involving twice generation of electrophilic P-species and two SN-processes is proposed on the basis of the control experiments.

Discovery and verification of bitter components in Panax notoginseng based on the integrated strategy of pharmacophore model, system separation and bitter tracing technology.

Panax notoginseng is a world-renowned tonic herb, which has been used as a characteristic food in Southwest China for hundreds of years. However, the taste of Panax notoginseng is extremely bitter and serious after tasting, and its bitter components are unknown. This manuscript proposes a new strategy for discovering bitter components of Panax notoginseng based on the integrated analysis of pharmacophore model, system separation and bitter tracing technology. Firstly, 16 potential bitter components were obtained by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with virtual screening, most of which were saponins.Then, the bitter components were further separated by system component separation and 5 potential bitter components were obtained. Finally, the main contributors of bitterness in Panax notoginseng were verified to be Ginsenoside Rg1, Ginsenoside Rb1 and Ginsenoside Rd by components knock-in and fNIRS. In general, this paper is the first literature report on the relatively systematic study of bitter components in Panax notoginseng.

Changes in Soil Phosphorus Availability and Microbial Community Structures in Rhizospheres of Oilseed Rapes Induced by Intercropping with White Lupins.

Oilseed rape is sensitive to soil phosphorus deficiencies. In contrast, white lupin is widely used as a model plant because it has efficient phosphorus utilization. Therefore, soil fertility and microbial composition in the rhizospheres of oilseed rapes and root exudate metabolites were compared under monocropping and intercropping systems. The main purpose was to explore whether the phosphorus absorption of rapeseed can be promoted by intercropping with white lupine. In comparison with oilseed rape monoculture (RR), the results showed that the contents of soil-available phosphorus, microbial biomass and phosphorus in the rhizospheres of oilseed rapes in the intercropping system (RL) were all higher than those of RR. Meanwhile, in comparison with RR, not only phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, such as Streptomyces, Actinomadura and Bacillus, but also phosphorus-solubilizing fungi, such as Chaetomium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, were enriched in the rhizospheres of the oilseed rape under the RL system. Moreover, more abundant soil bacterial functions, organic acids and metabolites were also detected in root exudates of the oilseed rapes under the RL system. All of the above results suggest that soil phosphorus availability in the rhizospheres of oilseed rape could be improved by intercropping with white lupin. Additionally, soil phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms, that are enriched in the rhizospheres of oilseed rapes under RL systems, have an important function in the improvement of phosphorus absorption of rapeseed by intercropping with white lupin.

Nickel-Catalyzed Sodium Hypophosphite-Participated Direct Hydrophosphonylation of Alkyne toward H-Phosphinates.

The traditional methods for the synthesis of phosphinate esters use phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) as the phosphorous source, resulting in procedures that are often highly polluting and energy intensive. The search for an alternative approach that is both mild and environmentally friendly is a challenging, yet highly rewarding task in modern chemistry. Herein, we use an inorganic phosphorous-containing species, NaH2PO2, to serve as the source of phosphorous that participates directly in the nickel-catalyzed selective alkyne hydrophosphonylation reaction. The transformation was achieved in a multicomponent fashion and at room temperature, and most importantly, the H-phosphinate product generated is an advanced intermediate which can be readily converted into diverse phosphinate derivatives, including those bearing new P-C, P-S, P-N, P-Se, and P-O bonds, thus providing a complimentary method to classic phosphinate ester synthesis techniques.

Comparison of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacterial Compositions between Netted and Oriental Melons.

To elucidate the biological mechanism of formation of the netted pattern in melons, the characteristics of the soil bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere and of the endophytic bacteria in the stems of netted melons were analyzed. High-throughput sequencing technology was used for the analysis of plant stem and soil samples collected from netted melons (NM) and oriental melons (OM). At the phylum level, Acidobacteria, Dependentiae, and Chloroflexi were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of NM only. In addition, at the genus level, the soil bacteria enriched in the rhizospheres of NM and OM were different. Five unique dominant bacterial genera, including Gaiella, Actinoplanes, norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae, Devosia, and Bradyrhizobium, were the dominant soil bacteria unique to the rhizosphere of NM. In contrast, Mycobacterium and unclassified_f__Acetobacteraceae were the dominant soil bacteria in the rhizosphere of OM. Moreover, Hyphomicrobium, Nocardioides, norank_f__norank_o__Gaiellales, Bryobacter, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiaceae, Pseudolabrys, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Ideonella, Mizugakiibacter, norank_f__Vermiphilaceae, unclassified_f__Xanthobacteraceae, Bacillus, and Pseudaminobacter were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of NM. In contrast, Flavobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, unclassified_f__Burkholderiaceae, Paenibacillus, Bordetella, Hephaestia, and Ideonella were the dominant endophytic bacteria in the stems of OM. The specific substances (enzymes, proteins, endogenous hormones, etc.) secreted by unique rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, such as Bacillus and Bradyrhizobium, may activate the promoters of genes. Therefore, the expression of genes can be regulated by unique rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria for formation or nonformation of netting in melons. IMPORTANCE The study of the differential structures and functions of rhizospheric and endophytic bacterial communities between netted melon and oriental melon treatments is investigated. Our findings make a significant contribution to the literature because they are the first step in coupling the study of rhizospheric and endophytic microbial community structure to reticulation formation in netted melon. Further, we believe that this research appears to be meaningful because it provides new insights into the mechanisms of reticulation formation in netted melon in modern agricultural production.

Different nanobubbles mitigate cadmium toxicity and accumulation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in hydroponic cultures.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination can pose a severe threat to food production and human health. The accumulation of Cd in rice will decrease rice biomass, photosynthetic activity, and antioxidant capacity, affecting crop yield. The effects of different nanobubbles on the growth and Cd accumulation of rice seedlings under hydroponic conditions were investigated in this study. The results showed that the biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of rice seedlings decreased when treated with Cd alone and that Cd induced lipid peroxidation in rice seedlings. However, when different types of nanobubbles were introduced into the nutrient solution, the bioavailability of Cd in the solution was reduced. As a result, the Cd content in rice was significantly decreased compared to treatment with Cd alone. Nanobubbles increased the biomass of rice, enhanced photosynthesis, and improved the antioxidant capacity of rice by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities to alleviate Cd-induced oxidative stress. At the same time, nanobubbles increased the Fe content in rice, which decreased the Cd content, as Cd is antagonistic to Fe. In conclusion, these results suggested that nanobubbles are a potential method of mitigating Cd stress that may help to improve rice yield and could be further explored in production.

Using moss as a bio-indicator to evaluate soil quality in litchi orchard.

Moss, was frequently found growing in litchi orchards. However, less known about whether it can be used as a visual bio-indicator for evaluating soil fertility and health. Therefore, soil chemical and biological properties, microbial community structures and the metabolic functions of microbes in soils between moss- and non-moss-growth areas were analyzed using traditional and high-throughput sequencing technologies. The results showed that pH and the contents of and available phosphorus (AP) in moss growth areas were significantly lower than those of non-moss growth areas, but the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) were significantly increased. In comparison with the soil of the non-moss-growth area, the abundances of hypotrophic microorganisms, such as Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and WPS-2 enriched in the soil of the moss-grown area. Moreover, the proportions of eutrophic microorganisms, such as Proteobacteria and Firmicutes also declined in the soils of the moss-growth area. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of soil bacteria and fungi were also degraded in the moss-growth area. All above results indicated that not only lower soil fertility, but also soil microbial diversity also declined in moss growth area which compared to those of non-moss growth area. In one word, moss can be considered using as a visual bio-indicator for representing soil degradation in litchi orchards.

Higher-Quality Pumpkin Cultivars Need to Recruit More Abundant Soil Microbes in Rhizospheres.

Two different qualities of pumpkin, cultivars G1519 and G1511, were grown in the same environment under identical management. However, their qualities, such as the contents of total soluble solids, starch, protein, and vitamin C, were significantly different. Do rhizospheric microbes contribute to pumpkin quality? To answer this question, this study investigated the soil microbial compositions in the rhizospheres of different quality pumpkin cultivars to determine the differences in these soil microbial compositions and thus determine how soil microbes may affect pumpkin quality. Firstly, a randomized complete block design with two pumpkin cultivars and three replications was performed in this study. The soil microbial compositions and structures in the rhizospheres of the two pumpkin cultivars were analyzed using a high-throughput sequencing technique. In comparison with the low-quality pumpkin cultivar (G1519), higher microbial diversity and richness could be found in the rhizospheres of the high-quality pumpkin cultivar (G1511). The results showed that there were significant differences in the soil bacterial and fungal community compositions in the rhizospheres of the high- and low-quality pumpkin cultivars. Although the compositions and proportions of microorganisms were similar in the rhizospheres of the two pumpkin cultivars, the proportions of Basidiomycota and Micropsalliota in the G1519 rhizosphere were much higher than those in the G1511 rhizosphere. Furthermore, the fungal phylum and genus Rozellomycota and Unclassified_p__Rozellomycota were unique in the rhizosphere of the high-quality pumpkin cultivar (G1511). All the above results indicate that soil microbes were enriched differentially in the rhizospheres of the low- and high-quality pumpkin cultivars. In other words, more abundant soil microbes were recruited in the rhizosphere of the high-quality pumpkin cultivar as compared to that of the low-quality cultivar. Rozellomycota and Unclassified_p__Rozellomycota may be functional microorganisms relating to pumpkin quality.

CAMTA1 gene affects the ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating CCND1.

Epigenetic modulations lead to changes in gene expression, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs. In recent years, epigenetic modifications have been related to the pathogenesis of different types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that DNA methylation could be associated with ischemic stroke (IS) and plays a role in pathological progression, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully understood. In this study, we used human methylation 850K BeadChip to analyze the differences in gene methylation status in the peripheral blood samples from two groups (3 IS patients vs. 3 healthy controls). According to their bioinformatics profiling, we found 278 genes with significantly different methylation levels. Seven genes with the most significant methylation modifications were validated in two expanded groups (100 IS patients vs. 100 healthy controls). The CAMTA1 gene had significantly different methylation changes in patients compared to the controls. To understand the CAMTA1 function in stroke, we generated CAMTA1 knockout in SH-SY5Y cells. RNA seq results in CAMTA1 knockout cells revealed the pathways and gene set enrichments involved in cellular proliferation and cell cycle. Furthermore, a series of experiments demonstrated that in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) model system, the expression of cyclin D1, an essential regulator of cell cycle progression, was increased in SH-SY5Y CAMTA1 KO cells. Increasing evidence demonstrated that ischemic stress could inappropriately raise cyclin D1 levels in mature neurons. However, the molecular signals leading to an increased cyclin D1 level are unclear. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the CAMTA1 gene could regulate cyclin D1 expression and implicate their role in strokes.