ABSTRACT
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which were an important fraction of natural organic matter (NOM), played an important role in various environmental processes. However, the heterogeneity, complexity, and dynamics of EPS make their interactions with antibiotics elusive. Using advanced multispectral technology, this study examined how EPS interacts with different concentrations of tetracycline (TC) in the soil system. Our results demonstrated that protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2), and humic-like (C3) fractions were identified from EPS. Two-dimensional synchronous correlation spectroscopy (2D-SF-COS) indicated that the protein-like fraction gave faster responses than the fulvic-like fraction during the TC binding process. The sequence of structural changes in EPS due to TC binding was revealed by two-dimensional Fourier Transformation Infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-FTIR-COS) as follows: 1550 > 1660 > 1395 > 1240 > 1087 cm-1. It is noteworthy that the sensitivity of the amide group to TC has been preserved, with its intensity gradually increasing to become the primary binding site for TC. The integration of hetero-2DCOS maps with moving window 2D correlation spectroscopy (MW2DCOS) provided a unique insight into understanding the correlation between EPS fractions and functional groups during the TC binding process. Moreover, molecular docking (MD) discovered that the extracellular proteins would provide plenty of binding sites with TC through salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and π-π base-stacking forces. With these results, systematic investigations of the dynamic changes in EPS components under different concentrations of antibiotic exposure demonstrated the advanced capabilities of multispectral technology in examining intricate interactions with EPS in the soil environment.
