ABSTRACT
Microscopic content segregation is among the important reasons for the anisotropy of mechanical properties in the cast-rolled sheets of the 7B05 aluminum alloy. It is of great significance to study the uniformity of aluminum alloys in terms of the microscopic composition and structure. In this study, a precise method for composition quantification based on micro-beam X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is established by parameter optimization and a calibration coefficient. Furthermore, this method was applied for exploring and quantifying the relationship between recrystallization and deformation microstructures. The results show that the comprehensive measurement effects of all elements are the best when the X-ray tube voltage is 50 kV, the current is 150 µA, and the single-pixel scanning time is 100 ms. After verification, the sum of differences between the measured values and the standard values for all elements using the calibration coefficient is only 0.107%, which confirms the accuracy of the optimized quantitative method. Three types of segregation indexes in national standards were used to capture small differences, and finally ensure that the segregation degrees of elements are Ti > Fe > Cr > Cu > Mn > Zr > Zn > Al. The quantitative segregation results obtained by the spatial-mapping method show that the difference in the content of Al and Zn is approximately 0.2% between the recrystallization region and the deformation region, the difference in the content of Fe and Ti is 0.018% and 0.013%, the difference in the content of Cr, Cu and Zr is approximately 0.01%, and the difference in the content of Mn is not obvious, only 0.004%.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer, cystitis and bladder polyp are the most common urinary system diseases all over the world. Our former research results show that IL-17A and IL-17 F contribute to the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (Pca) while IL-17E interacting with IL-17RB might have an anti-tumor effect. RESULTS: Using imunohistochemistry, we systemically compared immunoreactivity of ligands (IL-17A, E and F) and receptors (IL-17RA, IL-17RB and IL-17RC) of IL-17 family, infiltration of inflammatory cells and changes of structural cells (fibroblast cells, smooth muscle and vascular endothelial cells) in sections of bladder tissues from subjects with bladder cancer, cystitis and bladder polyp. Compared with subjects with cystitis, immunoreactivity for IL-17A, IL-17 F and IL-17RC was significantly elevated in the group of bladder cancer (p < 0.01), while immunoreactivity of IL-17E, IL-17RA and IL-17RB, and the infiltrating neutrophils were decreased (p < 0.05). The numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes and phagocytes and CD31+ blood vessels and immunoreactivity of CD90+ fibroblasts were also elevated in patients with bladder cancer compared with those of cystitis. The patterns of IL-17 ligands and receptors, and inflammatory cells and structural cells varied in cystitis, bladder polyp and bladder cancer. In bladder cancer, immunoreactivity of IL-17E and IL-17 F was positively correlated with smooth muscles and lymphocytes, respectively. In addition, immunoreactivity of IL-17A and IL-17E was positively correlated with their receptors IL-17RA and IL-17RB respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that changed patterns of expression of the IL-17 cytokine family ligands and receptors might be associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells and structural cells (CD90+ fibroblasts and CD31+ blood vessels), which might also contribute to occurrence and development in bladder cancer.
