Novelty and uncertainty differentially drive exploration across development.

Across the lifespan, individuals frequently choose between exploiting known rewarding options or exploring unknown alternatives. A large body of work has suggested that children may explore more than adults. However, because novelty and reward uncertainty are often correlated, it is unclear how they differentially influence decision-making across development. Here, children, adolescents, and adults (ages 8-27 years, N = 122) completed an adapted version of a recently developed value-guided decision-making task that decouples novelty and uncertainty. In line with prior studies, we found that exploration decreased with increasing age. Critically, participants of all ages demonstrated a similar bias to select choice options with greater novelty, whereas aversion to reward uncertainty increased into adulthood. Computational modeling of participant choices revealed that whereas adolescents and adults demonstrated attenuated uncertainty aversion for more novel choice options, children's choices were not influenced by reward uncertainty.

Accuracy of wrist-worn wearable devices for determining exercise intensity.

Objective: As an indicator of exercise intensity, heart rate can be measured in a timely manner using wrist-worn devices. No study has attempted to estimate a target exercise intensity using wearable devices. The objective of the study was to evaluate the validity of prescribing exercise intensity using wrist-worn devices. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects completed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Their heart rates were recorded using an electrocardiogram and two devices-Apple Watch Series 6 and Garmin Forerunner 945. Exercise intensity with the target heart rate was defined as resting heart rate + (maximal heart rate - resting heart rate) *n% (n%: 40-60% for moderate-intensity exercise and 60-89% for vigorous-intensity exercise). Heart rate was analyzed at the lower and upper limits of each exercise intensity (HR40, HR60, and HR89). The mean absolute percentage error and concordance correlation coefficient were calculated, and Bland-Altman plots and scatterplots were constructed. Results: Both devices showed a low mean absolute error (1.16-1.48 bpm for Apple and 1.35-2.25 for Garmin) and mean absolute percentage error (<1% for Apple and 1.16-1.39% for Garmin) in all intensities. A substantial correlation with electrocardiogram-measured heart rate was observed for moderate to vigorous intensity with concordance correlation coefficient > 0.95 for both devices, except that Garmin showed moderate correlation at the upper limit of vigorous activity with concordance correlation coefficient = 0.936. Moreover, Bland-Altman plots and scatterplots demonstrated a strong correlation without systematic error when the values obtained via the two devices were compared with electrocardiogram measurements. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the high validity of exercise prescriptions based on the heart rate measured by the two devices. Additional research should explore other populations to confirm these findings.

Anti-inflammatory endiandric acid analogues from the roots of Beilschmiedia tsangii.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of roots of Beilschmiedia tsangii led to the isolation of six new endiandric acid analogues: tsangibeilin A (1), tsangibeilin B (2), endiandramide A (3), endiandric acid K (4), endiandric acid L (5), and endiandramide B (6). Also isolated were two new lignans, beilschminol A (7) and tsangin C (8), and six known compounds. The structures of 1-8 were determined by spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 3 and 6 exhibited potent iNOS inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values of 9.59 and 16.40 µM, respectively.