Simultaneous removal of methylene blue and Cr(VI) in a dual-chamber photocatalytic microbial fuel cell with WO3/MoS2/FTO photocathode.

Carbon felt was used as the anode and WO3/MoS2/FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) was used as the photocathode in a photocatalytic microbial fuel cell (PMFC). The photoelectric performance of the WO3/MoS2/FTO photocathode and the removal efficiency of methylene blue (MB) and Cr(VI) mixed pollutants were systematically investigated in the cathode chamber. The results showed that after 12 h of light irradiation in the PMFC with WO3/MoS2/FTO as the photocathode, the removal rates of MB and Cr(VI) were 84.56 and 68.11 %, respectively, which were much higher than those using WO3/FTO as a photocathode (55.57 % and 45.26 %, respectively). The corresponding maximum output power was 33.14 mW/m2, which was 1.85 times that of the WO3/FTO photocathode PMFC. These results can be attributed to the fact that WO3 is an n-type semiconductor and MoS2 is a p-type semiconductor. Analysis of trapping experiments showed that the composite of WO3 and MoS2 formed a Z-scheme heterojunction, which improved the separation efficiency of the photoelectric carriers and enhanced the pollutant removal efficiency of the photocathode. PMFCs are a new and environment-friendly technology for removing pollutants thereby providing an experimental basis for future engineering applications.

Differences in Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes and Their Effects on Virulence and Drug Resistance of Different Strains.

Listeria monocytogenes is recognized as one of the primary pathogens responsible for foodborne illnesses. The ability of L. monocytogenes to form biofilms notably increases its resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline, making it exceedingly difficult to eradicate. Residual bacteria within the processing environment can contaminate food products, thereby posing a significant risk to public health. In this study, we used crystal violet staining to assess the biofilm-forming capacity of seven L. monocytogenes strains and identified ATCC 19112 as the strain with the most potent biofilm-forming. Subsequent fluorescence microscopy observations revealed that the biofilm-forming capacity was markedly enhanced after two days of culture. Then, we investigated into the factors contributing to biofilm formation and demonstrated that strains with more robust extracellular polymer secretion and self-agglutination capabilities exhibited a more pronounced ability to form biofilms. No significant correlation was found between surface hydrophobicity and biofilm formation capability. In addition, we found that after biofilm formation, the adhesion and invasion of cells were enhanced and drug resistance increased. Therefore, we hypothesized that the formation of biofilm makes L. monocytogenes more virulent and more difficult to remove by antibiotics. Lastly, utilizing RT-PCR, we detected the expression levels of genes associated with biofilm formation, including those involved in quorum sensing (QS), flagellar synthesis, and extracellular polymer production. These genes were significantly upregulated after biofilm formation. These findings underscore the critical relationship between extracellular polymers, self-agglutination abilities, and biofilm formation. In conclusion, the establishment of biofilms not only enhances L. monocytogenes' capacity for cell invasion and adhesion but also significantly increases its resistance to drugs, presenting a substantial threat to food safety.

Rapid Nucleic Acid Detection of Listeria monocytogenes Based on RAA-CRISPR Cas12a System.

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a food-borne pathogenic bacteria that frequently contaminates animal-derived food and low-temperature preserved food. Listeriosis caused by its infection has a high mortality rate and poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a sensitive, rapid and easy-to-operate technique. In this study, a Recombinase Aided Amplification (RAA) assisted CRISPR/Cas12a (RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a) fluorescence platform was established for highly sensitive nucleic acid detection of L. monocytogenes. The established RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a showed high sensitivity and high specificity, with the sensitivity of 350 CFU/mL and 5.4 × 10-3 ng/µL for pure bacterial solution and genomic DNA, and good specificity for 5 strains of Listeria spp. and 14 strains of other common pathogenic bacteria. L. monocytogenes could be detected at an initial concentration of 2.3 CFU/25g within 2 h of enriching the beef in the food matrix, and this method could be applied to food samples that were easily contaminated with L. monocytogenes The results of RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a could be observed in 5 min, while the amplification was completed in 20-30 min. The speed and sensitivity of RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a were significantly higher than that of the national standard method. In conclusion, the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a system established in this study has new application potential in the diagnosis of food-borne pathogens.

Advances in co-pathogenesis of the united airway diseases.

According to the concept of "united airway diseases", the airway is a single organ in which upper and lower airway diseases are commonly comorbid. A range of inflammatory factors have been found to play an important role in the chain reaction of upper and lower airway diseases. However, the amount of research on this concept remains limited. The underlying mechanism of the relationship between typical diseases of the united airway, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis, also needs to be further explored. This review highlights the interaction between upper and lower respiratory diseases gathered from epidemiological, histoembryology, neural mechanistic, microbiological, and clinical studies, revealing the relationship between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Proteomic and metabolomic proof of concept for unified airways in chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) with comorbid asthma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess upper and lower airway unity and identify a possible common pathogenesis in CRSwNP with asthma. METHODS: This study analyzed the expression of proteins and metabolites in nasal lavage fluid cells (NLFCs) and induced sputum cells (ISCs). Differentially expressed proteins and their function-related metabolites in the upper and lower airways of patients having CRSwNP with or without asthma were identified; relevant signaling pathways were analyzed, and key pathway-related proteins were identified. Parallel reaction monitoring was used to verify these target proteins. RESULTS: Protein or metabolite expression between NLFCs and ISCs was highly correlated and conservative on the basis of expression profiles and weighted gene coexpression network analysis. There were 17 differentially coexpressed proteins and their function-related 13 metabolites that were identified in the NLFCs and ISCs of CRSwNP, whereas 11 proteins and 11 metabolites were identified in CRSwNP with asthma. An asthma pathway was involved in the copathogenesis of upper and lower airways in whether CRSwNP or CRSwNP with asthma. The asthma pathway-related proteins proteoglycan 2 and eosinophil peroxidase, as the core of the protein-metabolism interaction networks between the upper and lower airways, were both highly coexpressed in NLFCs and ISCs in patients having either CRSwNP or CRSwNP with asthma by parallel reaction monitoring validation. CONCLUSION: Proteomics and metabolomics reveal upper and lower airway unity. Asthma pathway-related proteins proteoglycan 2 and eosinophil peroxidase from the upper airway could be used to assess the potential risk of lower airway dysfunction in CRSwNP.

Topological Data Analysis Combined with High-Throughput Computational Screening of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks: Application to the Adsorptive Separation of C3 Components.

The shape and topology of pores have significant impacts on the gas storage properties of nanoporous materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal materials with which to tailor to the needs of specific applications, due to properties such as their tunable structure and high specific surface area. It is, therefore, particularly important to develop descriptors that accurately identify the topological features of MOF pores. In this work, a topological data analysis method was used to develop a topological descriptor, based on the pore topology, which was combined with the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm to predict the adsorption performance of MOFs for methane/ethane/propane. The final results show that this descriptor can accurately predict the performance of MOFs, and the introduction of the topological descriptor also significantly improves the accuracy of the model, resulting in an increase of up to 17.55% in the R2 value of the model and a decrease of up to 46.1% in the RMSE, compared to commonly used models that are based on the structural descriptor. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between the performance and structure of MOFs and provide useful guidelines and strategies for the design of high-performance separation materials.

Characteristics of mucin hypersecretion in different inflammatory patterns based on endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is usually accompanied by mucin hypersecretion that can lead to mucus accumulation and impair nasal mucociliary clearance, thus exacerbating airway inflammation. Abnormal mucin hypersecretion is regulated by different T helper (Th) cytokines, which are associated with different endotype-driven inflammatory responses. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand how these factors regulate mucin hypersecretion to provide precise treatment strategies for different endotypes of CRS. BODY: Thus far, the most common endotypes of CRS are classified as type 1, type 2, or type 3 immune responses based on innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity, and the representative Th cytokines in these immune responses, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22, play an important regulatory role in mucin secretion. We reviewed all the related literature in the PubMed database to determine the expression of these Th cytokines in CRS and the role they play in the regulation of mucin secretion. CONCLUSION: We believe that the main Th cytokines involved in specific endotypes of CRS play a key role in regulating abnormal mucin secretion, which contributes to better understanding of the pathogenesis of CRS and provides therapeutic targets for airway inflammatory diseases associated with mucin hypersecretion.

Effect of Thrombolysis on Circulating Microparticles in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Objective: We demonstrated that circulating microparticles (MPs) are increased in patients with coronary heart disease (both chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) and acute coronary syndrome). Whether thrombolysis affects MPs in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with or without percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. Methods: This study was divided into three groups: STEMI patients with thrombolysis (n = 18) were group T, patients with chronic coronary syndrome (n = 20) were group CCS, and healthy volunteers (n = 20) were the control group. Fasting venous blood was extracted from patients in the CCS and control groups, and venous blood was extracted from patients in the T group before (pre-T) and 2 hours after (post-T) thrombolysis. MPs from each group were obtained by centrifugation. After determining the concentration, the effects of MPs on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rat myocardial tissue in vitro were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Changes in nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen free radicals (O2•-) were also detected. The effect of MPs on vasodilation in isolated rat thoracic aortae was detected. Results: Compared with that in the control group (2.60 ± 0.38 mg/ml), the concentration of MPs was increased in patients with CCS (3.49 ± 0.72 mg/ml) and in STEMI patients before thrombolysis (4.17 ± 0.58 mg/ml). However, thrombolysis did not further increase MP levels (post-T, 4.23 ± 1.01 mg/ml) compared with those in STEMI patients before thrombolysis. Compared with those in the control group, MPs in both CCS and STEMI patients before thrombolysis inhibited the expression of eNOS (both immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of phosphorylation at Ser1177), NO production in the isolated myocardium and vasodilation in vitro and stimulated the expression of iNOS (immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis of phosphorylation at Thr495), and the generation of O2•- in the isolated myocardium. The effects of MPs were further enhanced by MPs from STEMI patients 2 hours after thrombolysis. Conclusion: Changes in MP function after thrombolysis may be one of the mechanisms leading to ischemia-reperfusion after thrombolysis.

Risk Factors for Acute Rhinosinusitis in Childhood Asthma.

INTRODUCTION: Specific pathogen infections associated with acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) in infants are risk factors for allergic asthma in adolescents. However, the risk factors for ARS onset remain largely unknown in asthmatic children. In this study, we aim to investigate the risk factors for ARS in childhood asthma. METHODS: This study retrospectively compared and analyzed the clinical characteristics of asthmatic children with (n = 194) or without ARS (n = 799). Univariate regression analyses were performed to identify ARS-associated risk factors in asthmatic children, and subsequent multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS: The onset age, values of blood eosinophils (EOS) (%), and total IgE were significantly lower in patients with ARS than in those without ARS. Moreover, the proportions of patients allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (d1) and Dermatophagoides farinae (d2) were significantly smaller in children with ARS (all p values <0.05). Univariate analyses showed that an older onset age, a higher body mass index, a higher value of blood EOS (%) were protective factors, while a higher value of blood lymphocytes (%) and a higher degree of sensitization to d1 and d2 were risk factors for ARS. Further backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed that a younger onset age and allergic sensitization to d1 were independent risk factors for ARS in childhood asthma. CONCLUSION: Younger onset age and allergic sensitization to d1 are risk factors for the onset of ARS in childhood asthma, so allergen intervention should be performed as early as possible in asthmatic children.

Risk Factors for Abnormal Small Airway Function Indicators in Nasal Polyp Patients with and without Asthma.

INTRODUCTION: Small airway dysfunction (SAD) is associated with type 2 inflammation in patients who have non-asthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs); however, the risk factors for abnormal small airway function indicators in CRSwNP patients with and without asthma remain unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 41 asthmatic and 109 non-asthmatic CRSwNP patients. Clinical characteristics were compared between groups, correlations between small airway function and clinical parameters were calculated, and independent risk factors for every small airway indicator were identified in each group. RESULTS: Asthmatic CRSwNP patients had significantly reduced small airway function, and the proportion of patients with SAD was higher in asthmatic CRSwNP patients (65.85%) than in patients without asthma (9.17%). With regard to specific airway function indicators, age and a patient's blood eosinophil (%) were identified as independent risk factors for lower FEF50% %pred and FEF25-75% pred, with age being an independent risk factor for FEF75% %pred in asthmatic CRSwNP patients. In non-asthmatic CRSwNP patients, allergic rhinitis comorbidity was found to be an independent risk factor for FEF50% %pred, FEF75% %pred, and FEF25-75% %pred. CONCLUSION: Physicians should pay greater attention to risk factors for abnormal small airway function indicators in patients with CRSwNPs to prevent the occurrence of SAD.

Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) as an effective predictor for identifying allergic asthma in childhood asthma.

Background: Allergic asthma accounts for the majority of childhood asthma and is characterized by elevated total serum immunoglobulin E (tIgE). However, whether tIgE can predict allergic asthma in childhood asthma remains unclear. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the potential of tIgE for predicting allergic asthma in childhood asthma and provide a reliable reference value. Methods: Clinical characteristics and the level of tIgE from children with asthma in 2008 (n = 280) and 2018 (n = 479) were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine the optimal cutoff points and predictive values of tIgE for diagnosing allergic asthma in childhood asthma in 2008 and 2018, and the diagnosis efficiency of tIgE was validated in 491 children with asthma of 2019. Results: The level of tIgE was significantly lower in 2018 than that in 2008. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed cutoff values of tIgE were 142.50 IU/mL (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.864) and 96.25 IU/mL (AUC = 0.835) for diagnosing allergic asthma in 2008 and 2018, respectively. The level of tIgE from children with asthma in 2019 was similar to that in 2018 but was significantly lower than that in 2008. We further used the cutoff value of tIgE = 96.25 IU/mL to validate the diagnosis efficiency in children with asthma of 2019 and found that the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of allergic asthma, and the Youden index reached 76.78%, 76.10%, 78.03%, and 0.540, respectively. Conclusion: The tIgE value is an effective predictor for diagnosing allergic asthma in childhood asthma, with tIgE = 96.25 IU/mL being the recommended limit.

Dupilumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis: current status, challenges, and future perspectives.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is a common heterogeneous disease that mainly manifests as chronic inflammation of the sinus mucosa. The effect of conventional treatments for CRSwNP, such as oral corticosteroids, intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) and polypectomy, is not always obvious, and postoperative recurrence is common in some CRSwNP patients. In recent years, some biologics have been shown to be very effective in treating refractory CRSwNP, of which dupilumab has attracted much attention as the first monoclonal drug approved to treat nasal polyps. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we discuss the research status of dupilumab in treatment of CRSwNP and how dupilumab differs from other treatment methods. EXPERT OPINION: The European Union and United States have approved dupilumab as the first biological agent for treatment of CRSwNP. Dupilumab can improve symptoms of nasal congestion or obstruction, nasal secretion, and olfactory loss in patients with CRSwNP. It can also improve a patient's health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and reduce the need for systemic corticosteroids and nasal polyp surgery. While subcutaneous injection of dupilumab is a novel method for treating CRSwNP, it is still necessary to reasonably evaluate which patients might benefit most from biological therapy.

The Tissue Lymphocyte-to-Eosinophil Ratio Predicted Long-Term Recurrence of Eosinophilic CRSwNP.

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (Eos-CRSwNP) remains a recalcitrant disease with a high recurrence rate. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify a predictor of long-term recurrence in patients with Eos-CRSwNP. METHODS: A total of 39 Eos-CRSwNP patients who had their initial and recurrent nasal polyps surgically removed were retrospectively included in this study, with 49 Eos-CRSwNP patients without recurrence and 32 patients with non-Eos-CRSwNP matched by randomly chosen. Clinical characteristics were compared among or between groups. Spearman correlation analyses and a backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to find factors associated with the recurrence and recurrence time of Eos-CRSwNP. Furthermore, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the predictor of long-term Eos-CRSwNP recurrence. RESULTS: The number and ratio of tissue eosinophils were highest in Eos-CRSwNP with recurrence and lowest in non-Eos-CRSwNP. The ratio of tissue lymphocytes was highest in non-Eos-CRSwNP and lowest in Eos-CRSwNP with recurrence, with the number of tissue lymphocytes higher in Eos-CRSwNP without recurrence than the other two groups. The numbers of tissue lymphocytes in the initial nasal polyps were lower and the numbers of tissue eosinophils were higher in the group of recurrent nasal polyps that recurred at >5 years after surgery than in the nasal polyps that recurred at <5 years after surgery. The tissue lymphocyte-to-eosinophil ratio (LER) showed a significant negative correlation with the recurrence and the recurrence time of Eos-CRSwNP. A ROC curve revealed that a tissue LER value < 0.67 predicted long-term Eos-CRSwNP recurrence with 72.73% sensitivity and 82.35% specificity (area under the curve = 0.789). CONCLUSION: Tissue LER is strongly associated with Eos-CRSwNP recurrence and may play a key role in predicting long-term Eos-CRSwNP recurrence.

Nasal Malignant Melanoma With an Inverted Papilloma in the Contralateral Nasal Cavity: A Case Report.

Background: We describe a patient with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) and an inverted papilloma, which existed independently in both nasal cavities. Case presentation: We describe an unusual case of a 74-year-old male patient with SNMM and an inverted papilloma. He presented with symptoms of coughing up blood and pain in the left forehead. The patient underwent surgical resection of the lesion, and the SNMM and inverted papilloma were confirmed by histopathology. The patient refused further treatment after surgery, but was re-admitted 7 months later with local recurrence of the left tumor and systemic metastases. Conclusions: Nasal malignant melanoma with an inverted papilloma in the contralateral nasal cavity is rare and can easily be misdiagnosed as the same tumor by imaging. Simultaneous histopathology of bilateral nasal masses is very necessary. The recommended treatment is surgery for the inverted papilloma. An SNMM is a devastating tumor with poor outcomes.

Potential molecular mechanisms of Erlongjiaonang action in idiopathic sudden hearing loss: A network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses.

Background: Idiopathic sudden hearing loss (ISHL) is characterized by sudden unexplainable and unilateral hearing loss as a clinically emergent symptom. The use of the herb Erlongjiaonang (ELJN) in traditional Chinese medicine is known to effectively control and cure ISHL. This study explored the underlying molecular mechanisms using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. Method: The Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacological database and the Swiss Target Prediction database were searched for the identification of ELJN constituents and potential gene targets, respectively, while ISHL-related gene abnormality was assessed using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and Gene Card databases. The interaction of ELJN gene targets with ISHL genes was obtained after these databases were cross-screened, and a drug component-intersecting target network was constructed, and the gene ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and protein-protein interaction networks were analyzed. Cytoscape software tools were used to map the active components-crossover target-signaling pathway network and screened targets were then validated by establishing molecular docking with the corresponding components. Result: Erlongjiaonang contains 85 components and 250 corresponding gene targets, while ISHL has 714 disease-related targets, resulting in 66 cross-targets. The bioinformatical analyses revealed these 66 cross-targets, including isorhamnetin and formononetin on NOS3 expression, baicalein on AKT1 activity, and kaempferol and quercetin on NOS3 and AKT1 activity, as potential ELJN-induced anti-ISHL targets. Conclusion: This study uncovered potential ELJN gene targets and molecular signaling pathways in the control of ISHL, providing a molecular basis for further investigation of the anti-ISHL activity of ELJN.

Proteomics and metabolomics analysis of nasal lavage fluid in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

KEY POINTS: An integrated proteomics and metabolomics were used to investigate the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Amino acid metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Network Pharmacology-Based Approach for Investigating the Role of Xanthii Fructus in Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.

Xanthii Fructus (XF) has been used for treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), but its pharmacological mechanism of action remains unclear. We aimed to explore the potential mechanism of XF in treatment of AR by using a network pharmacology approach combined with in vivo verification experiments in this study. We identified 945 AR-related pathogenic genes, 11 active components in XF and 178 targets of those active components by corresponding databases. Finally, 54 targets of active components from XF in treatment of AR were identified by the Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, among which Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 3 (MAPK3), Prostaglandin G/H Synthase 2 (PTGS2), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) showed strongest interactions. The molecular docking analysis showed that moupinamide could bind to EGFR at LEU704 and LEU703, and PTGS2 at TRP387; 24-Ethylcholest-4-en-3-one was identified to bind to MAPK3 at THR347. The validation of quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) showed that XF decreased the levels of MAPK3, PTGS2, and EGFR expression in the nasal mucosa from AR mice gavaged with an XF water decoction. Meanwhile, the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13were also decreased after the treatment of XF by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results provide the pharmacological mechanism and possible intervention targets of XF in treatment of AR.

ABC Transporters and CYP3A4 Mediate Drug Interactions between Enrofloxacin and Salinomycin Leading to Increased Risk of Drug Residues and Resistance.

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is one of the most common drugs used in poultry production to treat bacterial diseases, and there is a high risk of drug interactions (DDIs) between polyether anticoccidial drugs added to poultry feed over time. This may affect the efficacy of antibiotics or lead to toxicity, posing a potential risk to the environment and food safety. This study aimed to investigate the DDI of ENR and salinomycin (SAL) in broilers and the mechanism of their DDI. We found that SAL increased the area under the curve and elimination half-life of ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP) by 1.3 and 2.4 times, 1.2 and 2.5 times, respectively. Cytochrome 3A4 (CYP3A4), p-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) were important factors for the DDI between ENR and SAL in broilers. ENR and SAL are substrates of CYP3A4, P-gp and BCRP in broilers; ENR and SAL inhibited the expression of CYP3A4 activity in a time- and concentration-dependent. Meanwhile, ENR downregulated the expression of P-gp and BCRP in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. A single oral administration of SAL inhibited CYP3A4, P-gp, and BCRP, but long-term mixed feeding upregulated the expression of CYP3A4, P-gp, and BCRP. Molecular docking revealed that ENR and SAL compete with each other for CYP3A4 to affect hepatic metabolism, and compete with ATP for P-gp and BCRP binding sites to inhibit efflux. ENR and SAL in broilers can lead to severe DDI. Drug residues and resistance following co-administration of ENR and SAL and other SAL-based drug-feed interactions warrant further study.