ABSTRACT
Lysine succinylation (Ksucc) is a newly identified protein posttranslational modification (PTM), which may play an important role in cellular physiology. However, the role of lysine succinylation in antibiotic resistance remains elusive. Isocitrate lyase (ICL) is crucial for broad-spectrum antibiotics tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We previously found that MtbICL (Rv0467) has at least three succinylated lysine residues, namely K189, K322, and K334.To explore the effect of succinylation on the activity of MtbICL, mutants' mimicry of the lysine succinylation were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. ICL-K189E mutant strain is more sensitive than the wild-type to rifampicin and streptomycin, but not isoniazid. For the in vitro activity of the purified isocitrate lyase, only K189E mutant showed significantly decreased activity. Crystal structure analysis showed that Lys189 Glu dramatically increased the pKa of Glu188 and decreased the pKa of Lys190, whereas had negligible effect on other residues within 5 Å as well as disruption of the electrostatic interaction between Lys189 and Glu182, which might prevent the closure of the active site loop and cause severe reduction of the enzyme activity. Considering the genetic, biochemical, and crystallographical evidences together, the succinylation of specific ICL residue can fine-tune the bacterial resistance to selected antibiotics. The decreased enzymatic activity resulting from the succinylation-changed electrostatic interaction might underlie this phenotype. This study provided the first insight into the link between lysine succinylation and antibiotic resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Isocitrate Lyase/chemistry , Isocitrate Lyase/metabolism , Lysine/chemistry , Lysine/metabolism , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/enzymology , Amino Acid Sequence , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Conserved Sequence , Enzyme Activation , Evolution, Molecular , Gene Order , Genome, Bacterial , Genomics , Isocitrate Lyase/genetics , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Microbial Viability/genetics , Models, Molecular , Mutation , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Protein Conformation , Recombinant Proteins , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
An operationally simple and practical protocol for the synthesis of (E)-α-halo vinyl sulfides has been achieved via a highly regio- and stereoselective hydrohalogenation of alkynyl thioethers using lithium halides in HOAc or propionic acid at room temperature. It permits the formation of (E)-α-chloro and (E)-α-bromo vinyl sulfides in satisfactory yields with good to excellent stereoselectivities. Moreover, this work results in a new method for the assembly of stereodefined (E)- or (Z)-trisubstituted alkenes featuring the first coupling of the C-X bond of (E)-α-halo vinyl sulfides followed by a subsequent Ni-catalyzed coupling of the C-S bond with Grignard reagents.
