ABSTRACT
The present study presents an attempt to modify the surface properties of macroporous resins (MRs) in order to improve anthocyanin adsorption and desorption from Pyrus communis var Starkrimson fruit peel extract. A number of MRs were tested to optimise the ultrasonic-assisted adsorption (UAA) conditions; including ultrasonic power (100-400â¯W), resin-to-extract ratio (1-3â¯g/50â¯mL) and temperature (20-40⯰C). Similarly, varying ultrasonic-assisted desorption (UAD) conditions were optimised; including ultrasonic power (200-600â¯W), resin-to-solvent ratio (1-4â¯g/50â¯mL), ethanol concentration (60-90% v/v) and temperature (20-40⯰C). The Amberlyst 15 (H) cationic resin was found to be superior to the other tested resins. The maximum adsorption capacity (659⯵g/g) of cyanidin 3-galactoside (Cy 3-gal) was achieved under the optimised UAA conditions (400â¯W, 20⯰C and 1â¯g/50â¯mL), while 616⯵g/g of Cy 3-gal was recovered under the optimised UAD conditions (582â¯W, 1â¯g/50â¯mL, 60% and 20⯰C). Moreover, titratable-acid and total-sugar contents were found to be significantly lower under UAA than under conventional-assisted adsorption (CAA). ANOVA revealed that process factors had significant effects on the Cy 3-gal purification, as depicted by their linear, quadratic and interactive effects. While anthocyanin adsorption was found to be significantly improved at lower ultrasonic power, higher power promoted the desorption process. Adsorption under optimized UAA conditions followed pseudo second-order kinetics and multilayer adsorption (Freundlich isotherm) onto the Amberlyst 15 (H) resin surface was observed. The particle-size distribution curve and scanning electron microscopic images also revealed higher resin-surface roughness, peeling and the appearance of pores on the surface under ultrasonication.This is the first study to use ultrasonication to modify a cationic exchange resin for the improvement of Cy 3-gal purification from a fruit extract. This study can recommend the use of ultrasonication as a low-cost green technique that can improve macroporous resin characteristics for better purification of compounds from an extract.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the constituents from Huperzia serrata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Two diterpenoid compounds were isolated by column chromatography with silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The structures were elucidated by spectral analysis and X-ray crystallographic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Their structures were determined as (15R)-12, 16-epoxy-11, 14-dihydroxy-8, 11, 13-abietatrien-7-one (1) and 3beta-hydroxysandaracopimaric acid (2).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compound 1 was a new natural abietane-type diterpenoid, compound 2 was isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>
Subject(s)
Crystallography, X-Ray , Diterpenes , Chemistry , Huperzia , Chemistry , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
Immunologic classification of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) was carried out by using 11 - 13 kinds of monoclonal antibodies against human leucocyte differentiation antigens in 19 cases. The results showed that of these 19 cases, there were T-ALL in 4, B-ALL in 4, C-ALL in 7, AUL in 2 and hybrid type of ALL (H-ALL) in 2. The 5 types mentioned above could also be classified, according to the immunologic criteria described by Foon in 1986, into 3 major groups: T-ALL, non-T-ALL and H-ALL. The Foon's classification method is useful for judgement of malignant cell source and differentiated stage, and for further understanding the nature of ALL cells.
ABSTRACT
Bone marrow cells from 2 patients with panmyelosis leukemia were observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),myeloperoxidase (MPO) and platelet peroxidase (PPO).A lot of immature cells were found in the granulocytic, monocytic,erythrocytic and megakaryocytic series.Their major morphologic characteristics were as follows. In the erythrocytic series, petaloid-like and ball-like structure appeared and their perinuclear cisters were wider. In the myelomonocytic series, nuclear-cytoplasmic organelle asynchrony could be seen makedly and the nucleus appeared fully mature, but the cytoplasm contained only a few organelles, and in some cells the organells were often locally distributed. In the megakaryocytic series, many micromegakaryocytes were seen. In this paper, the ultrastructura] changes of four kinds of cells and their relationship with erythro-leukemia are also discussed.