Combination of slide tracheoplasty and side-to-side bronchoplasty for complex congenital tracheobronchial stenosis.

Congenital tracheal stenosis is a rare but serious condition with high mortality and morbidity. We present a 6-month-old patient with complex congenital tracheal stenosis involving the trachea, carina and right bronchus intermedius, which was corrected with a combination of slide tracheoplasty and side-to-side bronchoplasty.

Modified ultrafiltration reduces postoperative blood loss and transfusions in adult cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: Cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery has been associated with several deleterious effects including haemodilution and systemic inflammation. Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) has been well established in paediatric cardiac surgery in counteracting postperfusion syndrome. However, MUF is less commonly used in adult cardiac surgery. In this meta-analysis, we compared clinical outcomes in adult patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with and without MUF. METHODS: Electronic searches were performed using Pubmed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library until April 2020. Selection criteria were randomized studies of adult cardiac surgery patients comparing MUF versus no MUF. Primary outcomes were postoperative mortality, haematocrit, blood transfusion, chest tube drainage, duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included, comprising 626 patients in the MUF group, and 610 patients in the control (no-MUF) group. There was a significantly improved postoperative haematocrit [mean difference 2.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-4.73, P = 0.009], lower chest tube drainage (mean difference -105 ml, 95% CI -202 to -7 ml, P = 0.032), lower postoperative blood transfusion rate (mean difference -0.73 units, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.47 units, P < 0.0001) and shorter duration of ICU stay (mean difference -0.13 days, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.00 days, P = 0.048) in the MUF group. There was no difference in ventilation time (mean difference -0.47 h, 95% CI -2.05 to 1.12 h, P = 0.56) or mortality rates (odds ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.28-1.33, P = 0.22). There were no reported complications associated with MUF. CONCLUSIONS: MUF is a safe and feasible option in adult cardiac patients, with significant benefits including improved postoperative haematocrit, as well as reduced postoperative chest tube bleeding, transfusion requirements and duration of ICU stay.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: are outcomes better with repair on ECMO or after decannulation?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair outcomes are better before or after decannulation in infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A total of 884 papers were found using the reported search, of which 9 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. We conclude that infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia requiring ECMO should undergo a trial of weaning and aim for post-decannulation repair, as this has been associated with improved survival, shorter ECMO duration and fewer bleeding complications. However, if weaning of ECMO is unsuccessful, the patient should ideally undergo early on-ECMO repair (within 72 h of cannulation), which has been associated with improved survival, less bleeding, shorter ECMO duration and fewer circuit changes compared to late on-ECMO repair. Anticoagulation protocols including perioperative administration of aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid, as well as close perioperative monitoring of coagulation parameters have been associated with reduced bleeding risk with on-ECMO repairs.

Congenital left atrial appendage aneurysm with unexpected course of left anterior descending coronary artery.

The left atrial appendage (LAA) aneurysm is a rare condition that can produce local compressive effects and complications including supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, thromboembolic events and myocardial ischaemia. We present a rare case of a neonate with a congenital LAA aneurysm which resulted in local compressive effects on the left ventricle, severe mitral regurgitation and malposition of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Intraoperatively, the LAD was found to be within the aneurysmal wall exterior to the left ventricular epicardium and was inadvertently injured during LAA aneurysm resection. Retrospective review of the preoperative computed tomography and echocardiography scans demonstrated the LAD lying within the wall of the LAA aneurysm, although this had not been well appreciated at that time. This highlights the importance of thorough multimodal preoperative imaging and intraoperative assessment for recognition of this rare association between the LAA aneurysm and LAD malposition, and prevention of inadvertent LAD injury during aneurysm resection.

Does concurrent use of intra-aortic balloon pumps improve survival in patients with cardiogenic shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Does concurrent use of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) improve survival in patients with cardiogenic shock requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO)?'. Altogether 472 papers were found using the reported search, of which 3 level 2 systematic reviews represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. The reported comparative outcomes were mortality, weaning off extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), vascular complications and non-vascular complications. One systematic review demonstrated significantly lower in-hospital mortality with concurrent use of IABP and VA-ECMO, while the other 2 studies showed no difference in mortality. One paper reported on the weaning success from ECMO and demonstrated significantly higher weaning success with concurrent IABP usage. Another paper reported on the complications and showed no differences in vascular and non-vascular complications. We conclude that there was no significant improvement in survival with the concurrent use of IABP and VA-ECMO for a cardiogenic shock as compared to the use of VA-ECMO alone. However, the concurrent use of IABP with VA-ECMO improved weaning success from VA-ECMO. The incidence of vascular and non-vascular complications was similar with or without IABP usage.

Homemade Candy Plug Using a Zenith Alpha Thoracic Stent-Graft for False Lumen Distal Occlusion in Acute-on-Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection.

Purpose: To report a candy-plug technique using a Zenith Alpha stent-graft to occlude the distal false lumen in a patient with a complicated chronic type B aortic dissection. Case Report: A 50-year-old male smoker presented with chest pain due to rapidly growing complicated chronic type B aortic dissection. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed the dissection extending from distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery (LSA) down to the left femoral artery. There was fusiform aneurysmal dilatation of the proximal descending aorta measuring up to 5.8 cm in diameter. He underwent left carotid-subclavian artery bypass, thoracic endovascular aortic repair with a Zenith Alpha stent-graft, a left common carotid artery chimney, and embolization of the proximal LSA. Serial CTA showed persistent false lumen flow. A decision was made to occlude the distal large false lumen using the candy-plug technique. A 44×125-mm Zenith Alpha stent-graft was used to prepare the candy plug. A gutter leak and a type Ia endoleak were embolized via a left brachial artery approach. At 2.5 years, imaging showed the candy plug in position, no endoleak, and the thrombosed false lumen in the thoracic aorta reduced in size. Conclusion: The candy-plug technique is useful in facilitating complete occlusion of the false lumen in chronic aortic dissection, which avoids an open procedure and the risk of higher morbidity.

The safe volume threshold for chest drain removal following pulmonary resection.

A best evidence topic in thoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'In patients undergoing pulmonary resection, is there a safe drainage volume threshold for chest drain removal?' Altogether 1054 papers were found, of which 5 papers represented the best evidence. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. Chest drainage threshold, where used, ranged from 250 to 500 ml/day. Both randomized controlled trials showed no significant difference in reintervention rates with a higher chest drainage volume threshold. Four studies that performed analysis on other complications showed no statistical significant difference with a higher chest drainage volume threshold. Four studies evaluating length of hospital stay showed reduced or no difference in the length of stay with a higher chest drainage volume threshold. Two cohort studies reported the mortality rate of 0-0.01% with a higher chest drainage volume threshold. We conclude that early chest drain removal after pulmonary resection, accepting a higher chest drainage volume threshold of 250-500 ml/day is safe, and may result in shorter hospital stay without increasing reintervention, morbidity or mortality.

Is it possible to predict the risk of ischaemic bowel after cardiac surgery?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'Is it possible to predict the risk of ischaemic bowel after cardiac surgery?' Altogether 80 papers were found as a result of the reported search, of which 7 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. This best evidence topic presents 68 214 cardiac surgical patients from seven major cardiothoracic centres dated from 1980 to 2011. The incidence and mortality rates of bowel ischaemia after cardiac surgery range from 0.07-0.5 and 59-64%, respectively. Advanced age and peripheral vascular disease are the common preoperative risk factors, which were reported by 3 papers each. The most common intraoperative risk factors were prolonged cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time, which were reported by 3 papers each. Five of 7 papers reported that the use of intra-aortic balloon pump was a significant risk factor. The use of inotropes, postoperative blood loss and postoperative renal failure were reported by 3 of 7 papers, each to be a significant risk factor for postoperative bowel ischaemia in cardiac surgery patients. We, therefore, conclude that these are probably the most significant and useful predictive risk factors for bowel ischaemia after cardiac surgery. Thus, careful intraoperative management to minimize cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp time and optimal care of patients' postoperative haemodynamic status, particularly in elderly patients with severe atherosclerotic disease, are useful in preventing this rare but lethal postoperative complication. Besides that, a heightened clinical suspicion in patients with these risk factors may lead to prompt diagnosis of bowel ischaemia, allowing intervention to prevent mortality. The variability of the study design and risk factors studied in each paper impose limitation to summarize the predicting risk factors.

Carney complex: fourth time excision of recurrent atrial myxoma via left thoracotomy.

We report a case of a 51-year-old male patient with a known history of Carney complex, who was operated on for the fourth time due to recurrent left atrial myxomas. Despite surgical challenge, the operation was uneventful. The patient had a difficult postoperative period and needed further treatment for complications. After a prolonged recovery, he is currently well and remains myxoma-free up until now (36 months postsurgery) with regular follow-up using cardiac CT and transthoracic echocardiogram.

Is cryoanalgesia effective for post-thoracotomy pain?

A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether cryoanalgesia improves post-thoracotomy pain and recovery. Twelve articles were identified that provided the best evidence to answer the question. The authors, date, journal, study type, population, main outcome measures and results are tabulated. Reported measures were pain scores, additional opiate requirements, incidence of hypoesthesia and change in lung function. Half of the articles reviewed failed to demonstrate superiority of cryoanalgesia over other pain relief methods; however, additional opiate requirements were reduced in patients receiving cryoanalgesia. Change in lung function postoperatively was equivocal. Cryoanalgesia potentiated the incidence of postoperative neuropathic pain. Further analysis of the source of cryoanalgesia, duration, temperature obtained and extent of blockade revealed numerous discrepancies. Three studies utilized CO2 as the source of cryoanalgesia and four used nitrous oxide, but at differing temperatures and duration. Five studies did not reveal the source of cyroanalgesia. The number of intercostal nerves anaesthetized in each study varied. Seven articles anaesthetized three intercostal nerves, three articles used five intercostal nerves, one article used four intercostal nerves and one used one intercostal nerve at the thoracotomy site. Thoracotomy closure and site of area of chest drain insertion may have a role in postoperative pain; but only one article explained method of closure, and two articles mentioned placement of chest drain through blocked dermatomes. No causal inferences can be made by the above results as they are not directly comparable due to confounding variables between studies. Currently, the evidence does not support the use of cryoanalgesia alone as an effective method for relieving post-thoracotomy pain.

Isolated pulmonary infective endocarditis with septic pulmonary embolism complicating a right ventricular outflow tract obstruction: scarce and devious presentation.

We present a case of a fifty-three-year-old male who presented with severe sepsis. He had been treated as a pneumonia patient for five months before the admission. Investigations revealed isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis and septic pulmonary embolism in addition to undiagnosed right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction. The patient underwent surgery for the relief of RVOT obstruction by substantial muscle resection of the RVOT, pulmonary artery embolectomy, pulmonary valve replacement, and reconstruction of RVOT and main pulmonary artery with two separate bovine pericardial patches. He was discharged from our hospital after 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. He recovered well on follow-up 16 weeks after discharge. A high-suspicion index is needed to diagnose right-side heart endocarditis. Blood cultures and transesophageal echocardiogram are the key diagnostic tools.

Dissection of the pulmonary ligament during upper lobectomy: is it necessary?

A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether dissection of the pulmonary ligament during an upper lobectomy would result in improved outcomes. A total of 85 articles were found using the reported search, of which eight represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, date, journal, study type, population, main outcome measures and results are tabulated. Reported measures were complications associated with dissection (atelectasis, bronchial stenosis, bronchial obstruction and bronchial deformation) and preservation (insufficient lung expansion, pooling of effusion and atelectasis) of the pulmonary ligament, ratio (%) of dead space in longitudinal axis (movement of nonoperated lobes), change in the angle (degrees) of main bronchus on the operated side, overall morbidity and mortality, overall survival and conversion rates. In a randomized control trial, the dissection of the pulmonary ligament revealed no significant difference in the dead space ratio or change in the angle of the main bronchus when compared with preservation. Dissection of the ligament, in theory, reduces the free space in the upper thorax by increasing the mobility of the residual lobes. Dissection of the ligament may lead to bronchial deformation, stenosis, obstruction or lobar torsion. Preservation of the ligament may prevent this complication by suppressing the upward movement of residual lobes. However, this may result in pleural effusion in the free thoracic space that may potentially become infected resulting in an empyema or bronchial fistula. Five large case series were analysed; three routinely dissected the pulmonary ligament and two did not. There was no observed difference in clinical outcomes between the two groups. There is no convincing evidence that dissection of the pulmonary ligament in an upper lobectomy significantly improves outcomes and reduces complications.

Late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia after a diagnostic laparoscopic surgery (a case report).

The authors report a rare case of 17-year-old lady with late presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. She presented with vague abdominal pain and was thought to have urinary tract infection, ruptured ovarian cyst, and appendicitis by different medical teams in the first few days. She eventually underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy with no significant findings. In the early postoperative recovery period, she suffered from severe cardiorespiratory distress and a large intestinal left diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed subsequently. At further operation a strangulated loop of large bowel herniating through a left antero-lateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia was discovered, which was reduced and repaired with a prolene mesh through thoracotomy. She made an excellent recovery and was discharged a few days after the operation. The authors postulate a mechanism of positive pressure from laparoscopic surgery causing herniation of large bowel through a pre-existing diaphragmatic defect. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of this disease due to its diverse clinical presentation, the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention.

Aortic valve replacement: is porcine or bovine valve better?

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: 'Is porcine or bovine valve better for aortic valve replacement?' Altogether, 562 papers were found using the reported search, of which 15 represented the best evidence to answer the question. All papers represent either level 1 or 2 evidence. The authors, journal, date, country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. This best evidence paper includes 9880 patients from 1974-2006 to compare both valve types. All studies compared either all or some of the following outcomes: complication, durability, mortality, functional status and haemodynamic function. Ten of 15 papers assessed the complication profile due to aortic valve replacement in both valve types. Four papers concluded that bovine valves are superior, whereas only one favoured porcine valves. Five papers showed a similar complication profile between both valves. Six of 15 papers commented on valve durability. Both porcine and bovine valve groups have two papers each to support their superiority in valve durability. Two papers demonstrated similar durability in both valves. There are 11 papers comparing the postoperative mortality. We suggest that there is no difference in mortality profile as eight papers showed that both valves had similar mortality profiles. Two papers supported bovine valve and one paper supported porcine valve in this aspect. There were four papers assessing the postoperative functional status, with three papers suggesting that both valve types had similar clinical improvement postoperatively. Eleven papers compared the haemodynamic function. Nine papers were in favour of bovine valves. Two papers demonstrated similar haemodynamic profiles in both valves. In conclusion, the bovine valve is superior in its complication and haemodynamic profiles. Both bovine and porcine valves have comparable results with regard to the mortality, postoperative functional status and valve durability. Significant variability between the valve manufacturers, study designs, study period and patient population in the above studies impose limitations to the comparison of both valves.

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a review of the physical principles and major applications in critical care.

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a noninvasive ultrasound (US) study used to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (CBF-V) in the major intracranial arteries. It involves use of low-frequency (≤2 MHz) US waves to insonate the basal cerebral arteries through relatively thin bone windows. TCD allows dynamic monitoring of CBF-V and vessel pulsatility, with a high temporal resolution. It is relatively inexpensive, repeatable, and portable. However, the performance of TCD is highly operator dependent and can be difficult, with approximately 10-20% of patients having inadequate transtemporal acoustic windows. Current applications of TCD include vasospasm in sickle cell disease, subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), and intra- and extracranial arterial stenosis and occlusion. TCD is also used in brain stem death, head injury, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), intraoperative monitoring, cerebral microembolism, and autoregulatory testing.