ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Computerized cognitive assessments may improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) secondary prevention trial efficiency and accuracy. However, they require validation against standard outcomes and relevant biomarkers. OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and validity of the tablet-based Computerized Cognitive Composite (C3). DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of cognitive screening data from the A4 study (Anti-Amyloid in Asymptomatic AD). SETTING: Multi-center international study. PARTICIPANTS: Clinically normal (CN) older adults (65-85; n=4486). MEASUREMENTS: Participants underwent florbetapir-Positron Emission Tomography for Aß+/- classification. They completed the C3 and standard paper and pencil measures included in the Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite (PACC). The C3 combines memory measures sensitive to change over time (Cogstate Brief Battery-One Card Learning) and measures shown to be declining early in AD including pattern separation (Behavioral Pattern Separation Test- Object- Lure Discrimination Index) and associative memory (Face Name Associative Memory Exam- Face-Name Matching). C3 acceptability and completion rates were assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. C3 performance was explored in relation to Aß+/- groups (n=1323/3163) and PACC. RESULTS: C3 was feasible for CN older adults to complete. Rates of incomplete or invalid administrations were extremely low, even in the bottom quartile of cognitive performers (PACC). C3 was moderately correlated with PACC (r=0.39). Aß+ performed worse on C3 compared with Aß- [unadjusted Cohen's d=-0.22 (95%CI: -0.31,-0.13) p<0.001] and at a magnitude comparable to the PACC [d=-0.32 (95%CI: -0.41,-0.23) p<0.001]. Better C3 performance was observed in younger, more educated, and female participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide support for both the feasibility and validity of C3 and computerized cognitive outcomes more generally in AD secondary prevention trials.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Clinical Trials as Topic , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Aged , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Biomarkers/metabolism , Computers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Feasibility Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Qualitative Research , Secondary PreventionABSTRACT
Risk for Alzheimer's disease escalates dramatically with increasing age in the later decades of life. It is widely recognized that a preclinical condition in which memory loss is greater than would be expected for a person's age, referred to as amnestic mild cognitive impairment, may offer the best opportunity for intervention to treat symptoms and modify disease progression. Here we discuss a basis for age-related memory impairment, first discovered in animal models and recently isolated in the medial temporal lobe system of man, that offers a novel entry point for restoring memory function with the possible benefit in slowing progression to Alzheimer's disease.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Memory Disorders/physiopathology , Aged , Aging/physiology , Aging/psychology , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Animals , Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Design , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/pathology , Humans , Memory/physiology , Memory Disorders/drug therapy , Memory Disorders/prevention & control , Neural Pathways/drug effects , Neural Pathways/pathology , Neural Pathways/physiopathology , Nootropic Agents/pharmacology , Nootropic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The influence of general intelligence and formal education on functional MR imaging (fMRI) activation has not been thoroughly studied in older adults. Although these factors could be controlled for through study design, this approach makes sample selection more difficult and reduces power. This study was undertaken to examine our hypothesis that intelligence and education would impact medial temporal lobe (MTL) fMRI responses to an episodic memory task in healthy elderly subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six women and 38 men, 50-83 years of age (mean, 63.4 +/- 7.9 years), completed an auditory paired-associates paradigm in a 1.5T magnet. The amplitude and volume of fMRI activation for both the right and left MTLs and MTL subregions were correlated with the intelligence quotients (IQs) and educational levels by using Pearson correlation coefficient tests and regression analyses. RESULTS: The participants' mean estimated full scale IQ and verbal IQ scores were 110.4 +/- 7.6 (range, 92-123) and 108.9 +/- 8.7 (range, 88-123), respectively. The years of education showed a mean of 16.1 +/- 3.2 years (range, 8-25 years). The paradigm produced significant activation in the MTL and subregions. However, the volume and amplitude of activation were unrelated to either IQ or years of schooling in men and/or women. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of an effect of IQ or education on either the volume or amplitude of fMRI activation, suggesting that these factors do not necessarily need to be incorporated into study design or considered when evaluating other group relationships with fMRI.
