ABSTRACT
Background: Due to the periorbital region's high susceptibility to damage from external factors, along with its tendency to demonstrate early signs of aging, periorbital skin is a common target for antiaging therapy. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of active ingredients commonly found in eye creams, particularly focusing on their impact on periorbital skin concerns. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on active ingredients in eye creams, including retinoids, vitamins C and E, peptides, ceramides, hyaluronic acid, caffeine, and niacinamide, was conducted. Clinical studies assessing the efficacy of these ingredients in addressing periorbital concerns were examined. Results: Studies demonstrate the potential of these ingredients to improve various aspects of periorbital skin, including hydration, elasticity, collagen synthesis, and reduction of inflammatory mediators. Ingredients such as retinoids, vitamin C, and caffeine show promise in addressing wrinkles and hyperpigmentation, while peptides and hyaluronic acid aid in collagen production and hydration. Niacinamide and ceramides offer benefits in reducing wrinkles and enhancing the skin barrier function. Limitations: The lack of clinical trials specifically targeting eye cream formulations and periorbital skin is a notable limitation. Furthermore, the variability in study designs, sample sizes, and concentrations of active ingredients across studies complicates direct comparisons. Conclusion: The reviewed studies highlight the potential of active ingredients in eye creams to address various periorbital concerns. Further research, particularly large-scale clinical trials focusing on eye cream formulations and their efficacy on periorbital skin, is warranted to establish their significance and comparability with other dermatologic products.
ABSTRACT
Durvalumab is an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) belonging to the anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) class, and it is used in the treatment of various end-stage malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with various systemic and cutaneous adverse events. Psoriasiform drug eruptions have been clinically observed in patients who have a personal history of psoriasis being treated with ICIs. We present a unique case of de novo psoriasis in a patient being treated for poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the lung. The patient responded well to topical treatment and did not require discontinuation of durvalumab. Our case highlights the importance of clinician familiarity with psoriasis presentation, its association with durvalumab therapy, and treatment options for durvalumab-induced psoriasis.
ABSTRACT
In finite element method (FEM) simulations of the mechanical response of bones, proper selection of stiffness versus density (E-ρ) formulae for bone constituents is necessary for obtaining accurate results. A considerable number of such formulae can be found in the biomechanics' literature covering both cortical and cancellous constituents. For determining the first and second modal frequencies (in both cranial-caudal and medial-lateral planes) of bovine tibia bone, this work assembled and numerically tested 22 isotropic and 21 orthotropic stiffness-density formulae combinations (cases). To accurately reproduce bone geometry, anatomical 3D models were generated from computed tomography (CT) scans. By matching the bone's digital mass to its actual mass, cortical and cancellous constituents were faithfully segmented by utilizing suitable values of three variables: (1) critical cutoff Hounsfield unit (HU) values, (2) cutoff density value, and (3) utilized number of sub-materials. Consequently, a balanced distribution of finite elements was generated with stiffness values congruent with their cancellous or cortical demarcations. Of the considered 22 isotropic formulae cases and 21 orthotropic (reduced to transversely isotropic) cases, only few yielded accurate frequency estimates. For verifying the accuracy of the solutions emanating from the various formulae, experimental vibration tests of corresponding mode frequencies and shapes (ProSig©) were conducted. When compared with the measured experimental frequency values, the most accurate isotropic formulae yielded numerical estimates of + 0.95% and + 10.65% for the first and second cranial-caudal (C-C) frequencies, respectively. The formulae yielding most accurate estimates also proved successful in estimating frequencies of a second tibia bone yielding numerical estimates within + 4.75% and + 1.88% of the said mode frequencies. For the transversely isotropic material assignment, the closest case scenario computed numerical estimates with a percentage difference of + 2.05% and + 9.36% for the first and second cranial-caudal (C-C) frequencies, respectively. Graphical abstract Mode shapes (left) 1 and (right) 2 for transversely isotropic case 15 T (Bone A): (a) cranial-caudal and (b) medial-lateral plane.
