Genetic relatedness of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) strains in a 12-year-old daughter and her father in a household setting.

Modalities of intra-familial transmission of HIV-1 are not always clear. Here we describe an uncommon case of HIV transmission in a family setting, analyzed using clinical, epidemiological and nucleic-acid-based methods, and assess risk factors for intrafamilial transmission of HIV-1 infection. All sequences from the father and the daughter were grouped in the same cluster with a 100 % bootstrap value, which means that the father and his daughter were infected with highly homologous CRF01_AE. The diversity of genetic clones between env and pol genes was insignificant (p > 0.05). Moreover, the results of analysis of drug-resistance-associated mutation positions of the two viral isolates were almost identical, indicating that both were susceptible to the first-line anti-HIV drugs prior to the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART), and this presented additional evidence of a high similarity between the two family members' HIV-1 quasispecies. In this family, HIV-1 isolates from a father and his daughter had very highly genetic relatedness. By combining their clinical histories, we could draw the conclusion that the daughter was probably infected via contact with her father's blood or other body fluids, but no obvious transmission route was found, suggesting that HIV-1 infection in similar household settings should be taken into consideration whenever the origin of HIV-1 infection cannot be identified.

Multiple independent introductions of HIV-1 CRF01_AE identified in China: what are the implications for prevention?

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 CRF01_AE accounts for an important fraction of HIV infections in Asia including China, but little is known about the phylogenetic and evolutionary history of this CRF (circulating recombinant form). In the current study, we collected a large number of 1,957 CRF01_AE gag p17 sequences with known sampling year (1990-2010) from 5 global regions representing 15 countries to better understand the phylogenetic relationships and epidemic history of CRF01_AE strains in China. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: CRF01_AE gag p17 sequences were retrieved from public databases to explore phylogenetic relationships and phylogeographic dynamics of CRF01_AE in Asia by using maximum-likelihood phylogenetics and Bayesian coalescent-based analyses. We found close phylogenetic relationships between sequences from Thailand, Vietnam and China. Moreover, at least 5 independent introductions and 5 independent autochthonous clades of CRF01_AE, which descended from Thailand or Vietnam were identified in China from 1991 through 2003. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The current study not only defines the migration of CRF01_AE clades to/in Asia, but also demonstrates the criticalness of identifying the circulating strains in the population for the development of vaccine and microbicides.

Five new CRF07_BC near full-length sequences isolated from Sichuan, China.

The main heroine traffic from Yunnan province to the Xinjiang Autonomous Region is believed to initiate the transmission of CRF07_BC which is the predominant strain in intravenous drug users (IDUs) in China. However, the great distances between Yunnan and Xinjiang lead to an unclear and elusive diffusion process of CRF07_BC due to the absence of an important middle site such as Sichuan province. Moreover, in recent years the rapidly increasing infection rate among IDUs in the Liangshan region of Sichuan made it necessary to characterize the genetic character of the circulating strain of Sichuan IDUs. In this study, we characterized the genetic character of seven newly isolated CRF07_BC genomes (five from Sichuan and two from Xinjiang) and analyzed the transmission linkage among strains from IDUs in different regions. By conducting Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis and reconstruction of neighbor-joining trees and maximum-likelihood trees, our results revealed the genetic variation and important role of Sichuan-derived CRF07_BC strains during the transmission of CRF07_BC.

A new migration map of HIV-1 CRF07_BC in China: analysis of sequences from 12 provinces over a decade.

BACKGROUND: As one of prevalence HIV-1 strains in IDUs in Asia, the origination and full transmission map of CRF07_BC is of great interested and remains unclear. In the study, we collected 769 CRF07_BC derived sequences (including 45 sequences generated in our laboratory) from 12 provinces in China for reconstructing transmission map. Meanwhile, ample historic epidemic evidences were also reviewed to assist sequences analysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the study, we collected 769 CRF07_BC derived sequences and identified 138 independent sequences from 12 provinces in China for subsequent phylogeographic tree analysis, Bayes Factor test and the estimation of state tMRCA. The analyses demonstrated that CRF07_BC was originated in 1993 in IDU in Yunnan province and then initially spread to Guangxi (eastern neighbor to Yunnan) in 1994, to Xinjiang (northwest) in 1995 and to Sichuan (northern neighbor to Yunnan) in 1996. The subsequent transmissions occurred from Yunnan to Liaoning (northeast) in 1997 and to Jiangsu in 1998. Interestingly, after the early introduction of CRF07_BC into Guangxi, Xinjiang and Sichuan, these three regions served as secondary epicenters for further spreading into Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Beijing and Hunan during 1999-2001. These analyzed results are in accordance with early epidemic investigations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our data not just reconstructed the migration map of CRF07_BC, but also firstly revealed the active roles of these secondary epicenters in the dynamic migration of CRF07_BC in China.

[Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare subcutaneous abscess after injections of interferon alpha in a patient treated for lymphoma]. / Abcès sous-cutané à Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare après injections d'interféron alpha chez une malade traitée pour lymphome.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous involvement with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is usually observed in disseminated disease but cutaneous infection alone without bacteraemia is uncommon. CASE REPORT: We report a case of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare subcutaneous abscess of the thigh in a 32-year-old woman with lymphoma. The lesion was treated with drainage, excision and chemotherapeutic agents. Inoculation was probably secondary to alpha interferon injections performed during one year. DISCUSSION: The review of the literature shows that isolated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare skin infections are rare, probably induced by traumatic percutaneous inoculation, frequently in immunocompromised patients. The pro-infectious effect of interferon alpha is considered. Treatment is unsatisfactory and surgical excision is often necessary.