ABSTRACT
The prevalence of the mutations of resistance to the main three classes of antiretroviral agents in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy was tested. Among the main drug resistance mutations for the entire period of observation was a high frequency of the occurrence M184V mutation, K101E, K103N, Y181C, and G190S influencing the development of the HIV resistance to nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The problems of the practical application of the study of HIV drug resistance in the regions of the Siberian Federal District were emphasized.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , HIV Infections/genetics , HIV-1/genetics , Point Mutation , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors , Female , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , SiberiaABSTRACT
The main aspects of epidemiology and epizootology of the Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF) are analyzed. The discovery of the virus OHF in 1947, as well as the first outbreak of new diseases in the districts of the Omsk region, is described. Comprehensive work for decryption of the etiology of the OHF by specialists from the Omsk and Moscow Institutes is carried out. Long-term dynamics of activity of natural foci of OHF contains four periods of variable intensity of epidemic and epizootic processes. The main reservoir of the virus OHF in natural foci and the source of human infection is muskrat. Metaxenosis provides maintaining of the population of the virus, which is of some significance for hosts. Independent position of the virus OHF in the group of the Flaviviruses of mammals transmitted by ticks is established. There are two aenovariants of the virus OHF.
Subject(s)
Arachnid Vectors , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics , Focal Infection , Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/epidemiology , Ticks/virology , Animals , Arvicolinae/virology , Disease Reservoirs , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/classification , Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification , Genotype , Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/transmission , Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/virology , Humans , Phylogeny , Retrospective Studies , Siberia/epidemiology , Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/geneticsABSTRACT
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene fragments was used to characterize 24 isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae previously identified as Rickettsia sibirica from their serologic properties. These strains were obtained in Russia between 1946 and 1991 from humans and different species of Ixodid ticks. The RFLP analysis was performed using amplified DNA products obtained with a genus-specific primer pair derived from the R. prowazekii citrate synthase gene and two group-specific primer pairs from the R. rickettsii 190-kD and 120-kD surface protein antigen genes followed by Alu I, Pst I, and Rsa I restriction endonuclease digestions. Although some differences were detected in biological characteristics among the examined strains, only a single R. sibirica genotype was found with these molecular tools of identification.
Subject(s)
Arachnid Vectors/microbiology , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Rickettsia Infections/microbiology , Rickettsia/genetics , Ticks/microbiology , Animals , Chick Embryo , Chlorocebus aethiops , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Genome, Viral , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rickettsia/isolation & purification , Rickettsia/pathogenicity , Rickettsia Infections/transmission , Russia , Vero Cells , VirulenceABSTRACT
The common and specific features in the time course and structure of morbidity as regards tick-borne rickettsiasis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Lyme disease in Siberia and Far East are discussed. The differentiation of nosological areas of tick-borne rickettsiasis and encephalitis is demonstrated and 9 variants of ratios of epidemiological zones of different hazard of infection established. The subject of comparative epidemiology of focal infections is formulated. General conceptual approaches to epidemiologic survey as the basis for optimizing preventive measures are outlined.
