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1.
PCN Rep ; 2(1): e76, 2023 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38868417

ABSTRACT

Aim: Yokukansan is a Japanese herbal medicine used in psychiatry to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and other psychiatric symptoms. However, the glycyrrhizic acid included in this medicine can cause pseudoaldosteronism and hypokalemia. We aimed to identify the risk factors for hypokalemia due to yokukansan. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients previously treated with yokukansan. The risk factors were determined by comparing the hypokalemia group with the non-hypokalemia group for each parameter. Results: This study included 304 patients who received yokukansan treatment between April 2009 and March 2019. We found that 17.4% (n = 53) of the patients experienced yokukansan-induced hypokalemia. Risk factors detected as significantly different between patients with and without yokukansan-associated hypokalemia were low serum potassium concentration before yokukansan administration, dose 7.5 g /day or more, and dementia. Hypokalemia occurred earlier in patients with low albumin, low potassium, and dementia. Conclusion: It is necessary to pay attention to hypokalemia onset when administering yokukansan at 7.5 g or more to patients with low potassium levels and dementia. Our findings suggest that potassium levels must be checked early after yokukansan administration, especially in patients with low albumin, low potassium, and dementia.

2.
Eur J Hosp Pharm ; 27(e1): e7-e11, 2020 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32296498

ABSTRACT

Objective: Tacrolimus is administered to patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease. As a high blood tacrolimus concentration within a narrow therapeutic range must be maintained after HSCT, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary. We investigated the correlation between blood tacrolimus concentration and blood cell count in HSCT patients to assess how changes in blood cell count affect tacrolimus TDM. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed for 24 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT and received tacrolimus. The correlation between variations in blood tacrolimus concentration and blood cell count was evaluated for three consecutive weeks, starting 1 week after HSCT. Results: Variations in blood tacrolimus concentration were significantly correlated with variations in red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin level and haematocrit value, but not with variations in white blood cell or platelet counts. Further, the above variations were significantly correlated in patients undergoing cord blood transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, but not in those undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that RBC count is associated with variations in blood tacrolimus concentration, with the relevance of this association depending on the source of transfused stem cells. Thus, variations in RBC count might be useful for tacrolimus TDM.


Subject(s)
Blood Cell Count/methods , Drug Monitoring/methods , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/blood , Tacrolimus/blood , Adult , Aged , Female , Graft vs Host Disease/blood , Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Tacrolimus/therapeutic use , Transplantation, Homologous
3.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 131: 1-5, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25622778

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Pramipexole is widely prescribed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. This dopamine (DA) receptor agonist has a higher affinity for D3 over D2 receptors. We compared the effect of pramipexole to apomorphine, a non-specific DA receptor agonist, on the suppression of tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) in a rat model, to elucidate the possible ameliorating effect of D3 receptor activation on parkinsonian tremor. RESULTS: In experiment 1, pilocarpine (4.0mg/kg) was injected into rats intraperitoneally, and the number of rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw was counted for 20min immediately after the injection, to evaluate TJMs. TJMs were reduced by intraperitoneal administration of pramipexole (1.0mg/kg). In experiment 2, the number of TJMs was counted after the rats received intraperitoneal administration of either apomorphine (0.25, 1.0, 4.0mg/kg) or vehicle, followed by the micro-infusion of pilocarpine (50µg/1µL/side) or vehicle into the ventrolateral striatum (VLS) via implanted guide cannulae. In experiment 3, either pramipexole (0.25, 1.0, 4.0mg/kg) or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered, followed by the micro-infusion of pilocarpine or vehicle into the VLS 30min later. Pramipexole (1.0 and 4.0mg/kg) and apomorphine (1.0 and 4.0mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of TJMs induced by micro-infusion of pilocarpine into the VLS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that activation of D3, as well as D2 receptors could play important roles in the suppression of parkinsonian tremor.


Subject(s)
Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use , Benzothiazoles/therapeutic use , Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy , Pilocarpine/pharmacology , Ventral Striatum/drug effects , Animals , Apomorphine/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Infusions, Intraventricular , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced , Pilocarpine/administration & dosage , Pramipexole , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
4.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 126: 103-8, 2014 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25265240

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of two dopamine agonists, cabergoline and rotigotine, on tacrine-induced tremor and c-Fos expression in rats. METHODS: Rats received intraperitoneal injection of cabergoline (0.5, 1.0, or 5.0mg/kg), rotigotine (1.0, 2.5, or 10.0mg/kg), or vehicle 30min before intraperitoneal injection of tacrine (5.0mg/kg). The number of tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) after tacrine administration was counted for 5min. Animals were sacrificed 2h later under deep anesthesia, and the brain sections were immunostained in order to evaluate the c-Fos expression. RESULTS: Induction of TJMs by tacrine was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with cabergoline and rotigotine. The number of c-Fos-positive cells was significantly enhanced in the medial striatum, nucleus accumbens core, and nucleus accumbens shell after tacrine administration, and the enhanced expression of c-Fos in these three regions was significantly attenuated by cabergoline, while rotigotine suppressed c-Fos expression in two regions except the nucleus accumbens core. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that tacrine-induced TJMs would be relieved by either cabergoline or rotigotine and that anticholinesterase-induced TJMs and the ameliorating effects of dopamine agonists would relate to neuronal activation in the striatum and nucleus accumbens.


Subject(s)
Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology , Ergolines/pharmacology , Jaw/physiopathology , Tacrine/antagonists & inhibitors , Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology , Thiophenes/pharmacology , Tremor/drug therapy , Tremor/physiopathology , Animals , Cabergoline , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Jaw/drug effects , Male , Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects , Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism , Rats , Tacrine/adverse effects , Tremor/chemically induced
5.
Cell Immunol ; 245(1): 24-31, 2007 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17466962

ABSTRACT

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines cause activation of sphingomyelinases (SMases) and subsequent hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM) to produce a lipid messenger ceramide. The use of SMase inhibitors may offer new therapies for the treatment of the LPS- and cytokines-related inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We synthesized a series of difluoromethylene analogues of SM (SMAs). Here, we show that LPS efficiently increases the release of IL-8 from HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells by activating both neutral SMase and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the cells. The addition of SMA-7 suppressed neutral SMase-catalyzed ceramide production, NF-kappaB activation, and IL-8 release from HT-29 cells caused by LPS. The results suggest that activation of neutral SMase is an underlying mechanism of LPS-induced release of IL-8 from the intestinal epithelial cells. Ceramide production following LPS-induced SM hydrolysis may trigger the activation of NF-kappaB in nuclei. Oral administration of SMA-7 (60 mg/kg) to mice with 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water, for 21 consecutive days, reduced significantly the severity of colonic injury. This finding suggests a central role for SMase/ceramide signaling in the pathology of DSS-induced colitis in mice. The therapeutic effect of SMA-7 observed in mice may involve the suppression of IL-8 production from intestinal epithelial cells by LPS or other inflammatory cytokines.


Subject(s)
Colitis/drug therapy , Interleukin-8/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/antagonists & inhibitors , Sphingomyelins/pharmacology , Sphingomyelins/therapeutic use , Acute Disease , Administration, Oral , Animals , Cell Line , Ceramides/metabolism , Colitis/chemically induced , Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects , Interleukin-8/antagonists & inhibitors , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Sphingomyelins/administration & dosage , Sphingomyelins/chemistry
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